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Showing 367 results for Type of Study: Research
Dr. Mozaffar Abbaszadeh, Dr. Somayyeh Ghadimzadeh, Mr. Hamid Behjat,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
Mosques, as the most significant buildings associated with Islam, hold a prominent position in Islamic cities and serve as manifestations of Muslims' beliefs, thoughts, and religious inclinations. In this context, West Azerbaijan Province, with its long-standing presence of both Shia and Sunni followers, stands out as a notable region for religious architectural studies. The main research question addresses the architectural characteristics of historical Shia and Sunni mosques in the province and how these denominations have influenced mosque architecture. The primary objective of this research is to identify and analyze the impact of religious denominations on the physical and spatial characteristics of historical mosques in the province, aiming to achieve a deeper understanding of the relationship between religious beliefs and their manifestation in mosque architecture. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and comparative, based on typology, with data collected through library studies and field surveys. The study examined 29 historical mosques, comprising 20 Shia and 9 Sunni mosques as samples. Due to the limited number of Sunni mosques in the region, fewer samples were selected from this group. The samples were chosen based on their construction period and architectural style to enable precise comparison. Data analysis was conducted across three main aspects: entrance patterns and movement hierarchy, primary and secondary mosque components, and the content of decorative inscriptions. The research findings indicate that Shia and Sunni mosques do not exhibit fundamental differences in the design and patterns of main mosque spaces, as examples from both denominations are present in all three identified mosque types in the province. The observed differences are primarily associated with the design of ablution spaces, architectural details of mihrabs, access patterns, and the thematic content of inscriptions. Therefore, despite some differences, the architectural style and construction patterns of mosques from both denominations show considerable similarities, revealing not only religious commonality but also the role of cultural and indigenous concepts in mosque architecture.
Shamim Nottagh, Minoo Gharehbaglou, Mohammad Ali Keynejad,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
Traditional Iranian architecture was a reflection of the beliefs, worldview, and culture of its time, intended to represent its principles and values. The concept of frugality has always been regarded as a significant value in traditional architecture. Traditional architecture not only emphasized frugality in design and nature but also prioritized the integration of green spaces with buildings. However, in contemporary architecture, the connection between green spaces and built structures is often neglected. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to explore the various dimensions of the manifestation of the concept of frugality in the architecture of Iranian gardens and to provide a basis for its application in contemporary architectural patterns. The research questions are: 1. What are the components of frugality from the perspective of Islamic thought? 2. How has it been manifested in the architecture of Iranian gardens (which are the product of past behavioral culture)? 3. What strategies and solutions can be offered for contemporary architecture (in relation to nature)? These questions are addressed using a descriptive-analytical method. The data collection is based on library research, and the statistical population includes four residential gardens in Iran: Narenjestan-e Ghavam Garden in Shiraz, Delgosha Garden in Shiraz, Golshan Garden in Tabas, and Dowlatabad Garden in Yazd. The research findings indicate that frugality can be analyzed in three layers. The innermost layer is the core of Islamic teachings, which refers to the two concepts of frugality and avoidance of wastefulness and extravagance in Quranic verses and narrations. The next outer layer is the culture of frugality in the Islamic lifestyle, divided into two groups: moral values and geographical and climatic conditions. The outermost third layer consists of Pirnia’s principles, which include self-sufficiency and avoidance of futility, both rooted in the concept of frugality and avoidance of wastefulness and extravagance. Overall, it can be stated that the manifestation and reflection of all these components are observable in the four Iranian gardens. Architects, considering the concept of frugality, have attempted to design and construct environments integrated with green spaces. However, the study concludes that the component of Islamic teachings has had a significant influence on the manifestation of frugality in Iranian gardens, as it forms the core and inner layer. The components of the culture of frugality in lifestyle and Pirnia’s principles are also influenced by Islamic teachings. Moreover, based on the conducted analyses, strategies and solutions have been proposed for contemporary architecture. These components can be applied in contemporary architecture in areas such as planting systems, water management, buildings, and the materials used.
Dr Omid Rahaei, Mr Milad Omidi, Ms Fereshteh Masihpour,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
Abstract
Traditional houses are shaped to adapt to the climate and culture, with designers emphasizing internal airflow. Evidence indicates that the physical elements of the courtyard can influence the natural ventilation process of the spaces surrounding the central courtyard. The research question is: What is the airflow pattern inside the central courtyard of the Suzangar House in Dezful, and what impact does it have on cultural characteristics? This study aims to investigate the natural ventilation in the central courtyard of the Suzangar House, as a representative of the Qibla courtyard typology, under the influence of external winds. This enables, in addition to airflow pattern analysis, the identification of the relationship between this pattern and cultural features. The present study is applied and interdisciplinary. The research method is mixed: initially, after reviewing traditional houses with central courtyards, pattern recognition and classification based on the courtyard’s orientation and direction were conducted, and the Soozangar House was selected. The physical elements of the central courtyard (courtyard orientation) were considered as the independent variable, and the airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard (flow velocity and direction) was considered as the dependent variable. These were measured experimentally using a data logger device during the research testing period. Subsequently, the data were simulated and analyzed by Gambit pre-processor and ANSYS Fluent software (after validation and reliability confirmation) through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Results indicate that Dezful’s traditional architecture, featuring central courtyards and spring porches (Baharkhab), supports activities around the central courtyard, which forms an integral part of Dezful’s cultural identity. The courtyard serves as a space for lighting, ventilation, and communication. The airflow inside the central courtyard forms a vortex pattern, providing adequate ventilation for the spring porches. Furthermore, considering the prevailing wind direction, the optimal building orientation is southeast with an approximate east-west elongation, which does not hinder airflow inside the building. The central courtyard, by fulfilling various roles in residents’ daily life, especially the spring porch as a gathering space influenced by the existing airflow, is recognized as a symbol of cultural identity. Attention to the presented results will improve the disorder and airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard, thereby enhancing more effective natural ventilation.
Research Method
The current research aims to investigate and analyze the behavior of the airflow inside the central courtyard and its surrounding spaces under the influence of outside wind in Dezful climate, under the influence of the architectural elements of the central courtyard to achieve the pattern of physical variables of native architecture for use in contemporary architecture. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following steps were taken: Considering the variety of houses in Dezful, according to the topic and purpose of the research, houses with a central courtyard were considered as a statistical population, among them, the Suzangar house was randomly selected and considering the amount access and the possibility of doing the next steps of the research were selected. Surveys and field observations were made in the test period using an experimental method from a case sample and their results were recorded. Dependent variables have been used by precise digital devices, i.e. thermometers and hygrometers. Then, after drawing the plans of the desired house, gridding was done with Gambit software and after defining the boundary conditions, numerical calculations and final simulations were done in Fluent software. Since the process of natural ventilation of these courtyards is considered in the research, therefore, the climatic performance of the central courtyards in question is only investigated from the point of view of natural ventilation.
Conclusion
In the typology of Dezful houses, most of these houses have thick walls and many semi-open spaces on the upper floors, and the hollow walls have good shading while maintaining privacy. According to the typology, the overall attention of the facade is toward the southeast to receive the right light and to avoid the west light. But the building method should be such that there is a possibility of natural ventilation and the composition of different spaces should facilitate it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this method of the building according to the direction of the building and the type of prevailing wind in order to determine the condition of internal airflow and natural ventilation. The first result obtained is that creating a movement path to enter the central courtyard and creating an entrance opening in the corner of the courtyard has helped to create a whirlwind flow in the middle of the courtyard. In other words, in the general state, regardless of the intensity and weakness in each state, after entering the alley leading to the entrance of the building, the wind enters from the corner of the yard and creates a vortex in the middle of the yard, which increases in height and passes through the terraces and the balcony of the building moves from the top of the building. Therefore, in general, we can conclude that the orientation and elongation of traditional houses in this climate cannot prevent the creation of airflow and natural ventilation, and in each of the prevailing wind conditions, there is airflow inside the house with different disturbances. In the meantime, based on the findings of the research, mode B has more optimal conditions during normal wind, if the wind is strong, option C is suggested.
Traditional houses are shaped to adapt to the climate and culture, with designers emphasizing internal airflow. Evidence indicates that the physical elements of the courtyard can influence the natural ventilation process of the spaces surrounding the central courtyard. The research question is: What is the airflow pattern inside the central courtyard of the Suzangar House in Dezful, and what impact does it have on cultural characteristics? This study aims to investigate the natural ventilation in the central courtyard of the Suzangar House, as a representative of the Qibla courtyard typology, under the influence of external winds. This enables, in addition to airflow pattern analysis, the identification of the relationship between this pattern and cultural features. The present study is applied and interdisciplinary. The research method is mixed: initially, after reviewing traditional houses with central courtyards, pattern recognition and classification based on the courtyard’s orientation and direction were conducted, and the Soozangar House was selected. The physical elements of the central courtyard (courtyard orientation) were considered as the independent variable, and the airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard (flow velocity and direction) was considered as the dependent variable. These were measured experimentally using a data logger device during the research testing period. Subsequently, the data were simulated and analyzed by Gambit pre-processor and ANSYS Fluent software (after validation and reliability confirmation) through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Results indicate that Dezful’s traditional architecture, featuring central courtyards and spring porches (Baharkhab), supports activities around the central courtyard, which forms an integral part of Dezful’s cultural identity. The courtyard serves as a space for lighting, ventilation, and communication. The airflow inside the central courtyard forms a vortex pattern, providing adequate ventilation for the spring porches. Furthermore, considering the prevailing wind direction, the optimal building orientation is southeast with an approximate east-west elongation, which does not hinder airflow inside the building. The central courtyard, by fulfilling various roles in residents’ daily life, especially the spring porch as a gathering space influenced by the existing airflow, is recognized as a symbol of cultural identity. Attention to the presented results will improve the disorder and airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard, thereby enhancing more effective natural ventilation.
Research Method
The current research aims to investigate and analyze the behavior of the airflow inside the central courtyard and its surrounding spaces under the influence of outside wind in Dezful climate, under the influence of the architectural elements of the central courtyard to achieve the pattern of physical variables of native architecture for use in contemporary architecture. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following steps were taken: Considering the variety of houses in Dezful, according to the topic and purpose of the research, houses with a central courtyard were considered as a statistical population, among them, the Suzangar house was randomly selected and considering the amount access and the possibility of doing the next steps of the research were selected. Surveys and field observations were made in the test period using an experimental method from a case sample and their results were recorded. Dependent variables have been used by precise digital devices, i.e. thermometers and hygrometers. Then, after drawing the plans of the desired house, gridding was done with Gambit software and after defining the boundary conditions, numerical calculations and final simulations were done in Fluent software. Since the process of natural ventilation of these courtyards is considered in the research, therefore, the climatic performance of the central courtyards in question is only investigated from the point of view of natural ventilation.
Conclusion
In the typology of Dezful houses, most of these houses have thick walls and many semi-open spaces on the upper floors, and the hollow walls have good shading while maintaining privacy. According to the typology, the overall attention of the facade is toward the southeast to receive the right light and to avoid the west light. But the building method should be such that there is a possibility of natural ventilation and the composition of different spaces should facilitate it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this method of the building according to the direction of the building and the type of prevailing wind in order to determine the condition of internal airflow and natural ventilation. The first result obtained is that creating a movement path to enter the central courtyard and creating an entrance opening in the corner of the courtyard has helped to create a whirlwind flow in the middle of the courtyard. In other words, in the general state, regardless of the intensity and weakness in each state, after entering the alley leading to the entrance of the building, the wind enters from the corner of the yard and creates a vortex in the middle of the yard, which increases in height and passes through the terraces and the balcony of the building moves from the top of the building. Therefore, in general, we can conclude that the orientation and elongation of traditional houses in this climate cannot prevent the creation of airflow and natural ventilation, and in each of the prevailing wind conditions, there is airflow inside the house with different disturbances. In the meantime, based on the findings of the research, mode B has more optimal conditions during normal wind, if the wind is strong, option C is suggested.
Dr Mahdi Akhtarkavan, Salva Falahi,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
The design of schools, as part of the educational environment, plays a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and enhancing the quality of student learning. In Islamic societies, it is essential for these spaces to be designed according to Islamic principles and teachings, so that they not only reflect religious and cultural values but also address contemporary educational needs. This research aims to identify the principles of Islamic architecture and align them with modern educational requirements, offering a proposed framework for school design. The research methodology includes a comparative study of past literature, analysis of successful Islamic school examples in Iran and other countries, and the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for weighting the criteria. The main identified criteria include strengthening Islamic values, value and philosophical principles, flexibility of spaces, interaction with nature, Islamic aesthetics, modern educational technologies, and group activities. The findings indicate that the criterion of 'strengthening Islamic values' has the highest weight (35.47%), making it the most significant factor in school design. Furthermore, designing educational spaces based on Islamic principles while incorporating elements such as natural light, flexibility, and connection with nature positively influences learning and social interactions among students. The proposed framework serves as a practical guide for architects and designers to create inspiring, dynamic, and effective schools that not only facilitate learning but also enhance students' sense of belonging and cultural identity. This research contributes to the enhancement of quality school design in Islamic societies by providing practical recommendations.
Mozhgan Hadipour Moradi, Dr Masoud Nari Ghomi, Dr Sanaz Rahravi Poodeh, Dr Mariam Ghasemi Sichani,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
With the social changes resulting from the "period of transition" and "modernization" in Iran, the "kitchen" was also affected by these changes. The kitchen has always been referred to as a feminine space. In some contemporary cultural analyses in Iran, citing feminist theories, the kitchen and the kitchen and its location at the end of the yard or basement were interpreted as patriarchy and traditional female servitude, which Reza Shahi's modernization has been considered a beginning for its liberation in the modern era. Lifestyle-based readings in social science research, and especially historical ethnography, have provided an opportunity to review these assumptions arising from the literature of the early modern period. Therefore, the present study, using the method of historical ethnography and relying on documentary sources and data analysis in a descriptive-analytical manner, addresses the transformation of the feminine nature of the kitchen space during the period of transition to modernity in one of the micro-cultural contexts of Iran, namely the traditional houses of Khorramabad. The results show that the social interpretation of the kitchen in the historical houses of Khorramabad cannot be interpreted as the low status of women in the society of that time. The existence of various cooking spaces, including open kitchens, semi-open kitchens, Tejgahs in rooms, and a special place for baking bread in the courtyard, created special boundaries and territories for women. These various spaces were also family-social spaces. At the same time, due to the communal nature between the women of the house and some neighboring women, they changed from a private space to a semi-private space. The authoritarian modernization and the achievements of modernity resulting from Reza Shah's policies, despite some development, health, and educational measures, led to the deprivation of the right to choose, the impairment of family and social security, and as a result, many women of the Lor tribe were confined to their homes and distanced from the social space. The houses built during this period, especially in newly built neighborhoods; More introverted than Qajar houses, the reduction of various cooking spaces and their consolidation in the kitchen space, the reduction of the extent of women's use of the spaces in the house, the change in women's privacy and territories, the reduction of semi-private and collective territories, as well as the reduction of social interactions between neighboring women resulting from the increase in emerging social insecurities and the presence of new cultures in the city and the policy of revealing the veil were other results of modernity and innovation in this region.
Saba Kheder,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the spatial typologies and the organization of space in the historical mosques of kerman province. It foucuses on spatial autonomy as a ky indicator in spatial organization, seeking to explore the spatial diversity of these structures from this perspective. The research employs a historical approach based on description and analysis. Data were gathered through the examination 34 registered historical mosques in kerman province, dating from the advent of Islam to the end of the First Pahlavi era, alongside the analysis of written sources and credibl documentation. The spatial typology in this study is defined according to the configuration of enclosed, semi-open, and open spaces within the architectural structure of the mosques. The findings indicate that the enclosed spaces in these historical mosques of kerman can be categorized into three patterns: (1) absence of open and semi-open spaces, (2) combination of open and enclosed spaces, and (3) integration of enclosed, open, and semi-open spaces. The emphasis on spatial autonomy was selected due to its high frequency among the case studies and its significant influence on the spatial structure of these mosques.
Zahra Bidkhouri, Kourosh Momeni,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
Abstract
Calligraphy in Iranian art and architecture is considered a significant decorative source for buildings and is more prominent in historical monuments. In the past, our country, Iran, had skilled calligraphers who, with their knowledge and awareness, were able to create inscriptions and decorations using various lines that have been the source of artistic and architectural development. This includes religious places such as mosques, which were the center of public gatherings and the place of observation for artists and rulers. The inscriptions on the main porch of the grand mosques, which are often in front of the dome, have always attracted the attention of painters and calligraphers throughout history. They have bestowed an aura of holiness and spirituality on these buildings, and have been a turning point in the presentation of their art and creativity. The aim of the present study is a comparative study of the Thuluth, Nastaliq, and Kufic scripts used in the main porches of mosques in the Safavid and Qajar eras. The research question is: What are the differences and changes in the Thuluth, Nastaliq, and Kufic scripts used in the inscriptions of the main porches of mosques in the Qajar era compared to the period? The method is of an interpretative-historical type with a historical-comparative approach, which is first collected through library study, documents, and information about the scripts and architecture of mosques in the mentioned period. Then the research data is interpreted and analyzed through a field study and the preparation of photographs of these scripts. In addition, the sampling method in this study is a cluster. The findings of the research show that in the main porch of mosques during the Safavid period, Thuluth scripts were used more by artists than Nastaliq and Kufic in inscriptions, but in the Qajar era, Nastaliq and Kufic scripts were popular. The results of the research show that the form, content, and use of Thuluth, Nastaliq, and Kufic inscriptions in the main porch of mosques during the Qajar period are different from those in Safavid architecture, which can be said to be influenced by political and cultural developments.
Sahar Hosseinpour, Yahya Jamali, Azita Belali Oskuyi, Shamim Nottagh, Aref Monadi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
Throughout history, due to gender-based distinctions formed within society, differing needs have been defined for men and women. Architecture, as one of the most impressionable aspects of society, has consequently transformed. Attention to gender—as a social and cultural factor influencing the formation of physical environments and their spatial arrangement—is of particular importance. In exploring the relationship between gender and architecture, the concept of gendered spaces emerges, with examples identifiable in traditional Iranian architecture. In this context, cultural, social, and economic factors have generally shaped the conception of gender and space. Among the most significant elements of traditional architecture are residential houses. This study investigates, analyzes, and compares the physical components of a selection of traditional houses located in the historical fabric of Tabriz from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, focusing on gender distinctions and the influencing factors. To this end, eight Qajar houses and eight Pahlavi houses were selected as case studies. The research aims to answer the following questions: How were gender distinctions manifested in the design of traditional houses in Tabriz during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? What are the differences between them? And which spatial elements were most affected by gender differentiation? A qualitative analysis was conducted to address these questions. According to the findings, gender distinctions in the architecture of Qajar-era houses were more significantly influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. By contrast, the influence of these factors on gender-based spatial segregation was significantly reduced in Pahlavi-era houses. Ultimately, these homes exhibited an absence of gender-based spatial division, and their architecture moved towards extroversion. Among all architectural elements in Qajar-period houses, the greatest impact of gender distinction was evident in the spatial definition of two separate courtyards: the outer and the inner courtyard. In Pahlavi-era houses, although gender distinctions were generally reduced across all spatial components, private rooms, bathrooms, and—in some cases—the kitchen remained the elements most influenced by gender considerations.
Dr Behzad Vasigh,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
The Central Asian region, due to its location on the Silk Road and its role in the reconstruction of Iranian national culture, is a suitable context for understanding Iranian architecture. Political developments and the multiplicity and durability of emirates have caused building diversity. Madrasas are among the functions that have a privileged position among these buildings and have been favored by the rulers for religious-political reasons. In this research, a comparative study between Central Asian madrasas has been done. To date, no studies have examined the architecture of Central Asian madrasas during the Islamic period using contemporary research methods, whereas most architectural studies have increasingly adopted modern analytical approaches. The research method is based on case studies. Schools were analyzed in DEPTHMAP software. One of the objectives of this research is to clarify the roots of physical planning and typology of these madrasas by applying spatial, structural, and physical analysis of the madrasas in this geography. The question of this research is: What is the process of spatial transformations of Central Asian madrasas? The research aims to investigate the spatial evolution of Central Asian schools from the Timurid to the Oshtarkhanid. This research shows that، the design procedures were formed based on the variety in the number of yards، the way of demarcation between the public area of the city and the education space، the separation of residence and teaching، and from the physical point of view، the way of volume organization including having The minaret، the shape of the entry organ، the way of stabilizing the volume in the corners and from the spatial aspect، the shape of the courtyard، the presence of the mosque and other side spaces have been effective on the system of building madrasas. The madrasas of this geography represent a generalization of education through the formation of a semi-public space. The results also indicate that during these three periods, the architecture of schools has moved towards increasing spatial control, strengthening privacy, and a balance between social connection and educational confidentiality.
Neda Amini, Mehdi Khakzand,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
Landscape is not merely a place, space, or natural setting; rather, it represents the relationship between human beings and their environment through natural, social, and cultural dimensions. As both a process and a platform for human interaction, it supports life, survival, and quality of life while providing a context for realizing the rights of different groups of people. The concept of the right to landscape has recently emerged at the intersection of human rights and landscape studies. However, despite its broad scope and the diversity of stakeholders involved, this issue has received limited attention in legal documents and academic research, particularly within the socio-cultural and Islamic context of Iran.
This study aims to define the concept of the right to landscape, clarify its dimensions and legal status, and provide a foundation for future legislation through the jurisprudential rule of La Zarar. It addresses the questions of what constitutes the right to landscape and how the rule of La Zarar can contribute to its definition.
The research employs reflective thematic analysis. Data were collected through triangulation, including face-to-face open interviews, content analysis of existing documents and studies, and archival images. Landscape-related events were examined using Strecker’s landscape classification, covering everyday, political, cultural, and natural landscapes. The interviews explored issues such as spatial rights, citizenship rights, spatial requirements, preferences, and deficiencies in the experience of urban landscapes. The data were organized and analyzed using Atlas.ti 8. Thirty-two interviews were conducted with randomly selected participants of different ages and genders until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis procedure, supported by the twenty-question qualitative assessment tool to ensure analytical quality.
The analysis identified four main themes: the right to honor and benefit from cultural rituals, identity, and religion; the right to dignity and quality of life; the right to health and the preservation and maintenance of ecosystems; and the right to equal access, participation, and use of the landscape. The findings confirm the relevance of the La Zarar rule in defining the boundaries of the right to landscape. Clarifying these dimensions and their relationship with latent power structures and local conflicts that shape and reproduce landscapes can contribute to spatial justice and support the protection of beneficiaries’ rights. The study also recommends examining other Islamic jurisprudential rules and Ahadith in future research on the right to landscape.
This study aims to define the concept of the right to landscape, clarify its dimensions and legal status, and provide a foundation for future legislation through the jurisprudential rule of La Zarar. It addresses the questions of what constitutes the right to landscape and how the rule of La Zarar can contribute to its definition.
The research employs reflective thematic analysis. Data were collected through triangulation, including face-to-face open interviews, content analysis of existing documents and studies, and archival images. Landscape-related events were examined using Strecker’s landscape classification, covering everyday, political, cultural, and natural landscapes. The interviews explored issues such as spatial rights, citizenship rights, spatial requirements, preferences, and deficiencies in the experience of urban landscapes. The data were organized and analyzed using Atlas.ti 8. Thirty-two interviews were conducted with randomly selected participants of different ages and genders until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis procedure, supported by the twenty-question qualitative assessment tool to ensure analytical quality.
The analysis identified four main themes: the right to honor and benefit from cultural rituals, identity, and religion; the right to dignity and quality of life; the right to health and the preservation and maintenance of ecosystems; and the right to equal access, participation, and use of the landscape. The findings confirm the relevance of the La Zarar rule in defining the boundaries of the right to landscape. Clarifying these dimensions and their relationship with latent power structures and local conflicts that shape and reproduce landscapes can contribute to spatial justice and support the protection of beneficiaries’ rights. The study also recommends examining other Islamic jurisprudential rules and Ahadith in future research on the right to landscape.
Eng Hadi Farhangdoust, Dr Sanaz Saeidi Mofrad,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
This study aims to develop a multilayered and historically informed interpretation of contextualism in post-Islamic Iranian architecture through a deconstructive reading. Rather than limiting itself to the description of stylistic forms, it investigates the conceptual, semantic, and discursive transformations of the notion of “context” across different architectural styles. Emphasis is placed on extra-architectural correlates in order to critically reinterpret Iranian architectural history and to explore the qualitative and substantive changes in the relationships among elements shaping contextualism. Central to this approach is the recognition of the instability of meaning and the historically constructed nature of architectural concepts.
Within this framework, “context” is no longer understood as a fixed or purely material condition but as a discursive and mutable construct produced through networks of power, language, and culture. Drawing on deconstructive logic, the study challenges essentialist assumptions surrounding concepts such as indigeneity, authenticity, tradition, and the meaning of space. This perspective is particularly relevant because many architectural transformations in Iran have coincided with political, religious, and social discourses that conventional contextualist readings often ignore.
The necessity of the research arises from gaps in contemporary Iranian architectural scholarship, which largely relies on descriptive or reductionist analyses focused on physical characteristics. Such approaches overlook processes of meaning production, the influence of dominant discourses, and the role of institutional power, contributing to imitative architectural practices and theoretical stagnation in education. Deconstruction is therefore employed as an epistemological tool to analyze contextualism as a concept continually redefined across historical periods.
Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and deconstructive approach grounded in Derrida’s philosophy. Through reading, coding, thematic extraction, reflection, and synthesis, it identifies naturalized binary oppositions—such as tradition–modernity and indigenous–nonindigenous—and reveals their historical fluidity. Architectural styles from Khorasani to contemporary periods are examined through textual and visual sources.
The findings demonstrate that contextualism in Iranian architecture has been shaped differently in each era by power structures, ideological frameworks, and socio-cultural conditions. Ultimately, the research concludes that contextualism cannot be understood as a singular or authentic model but must be approached as a readable and reinterpretable text. This perspective enables more nuanced historical analysis and supports a critical, context-sensitive approach to architectural theory, practice, and education.
Dr Ahad Nejadebrahimi, Mrs Hanieh Mohammadzadeh Jamlian, Dr Hosein Esmaeilisangari,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
The Jameh Kabir Mosque of Tabriz is one of Iran’s most significant architectural monuments and has long served as a major religious, political, and social center. Throughout the Ilkhanid, Jalayirid, Turkmen, Safavid, and Qajar periods, it functioned as the principal venue for public proclamations, political events, and religious decrees. Located within the historic citadel and adjacent to the bazaar, the mosque formed the spiritual and economic heart of the city. Historical sources consistently identify it as the Jameh Kabir, a title it retained despite the construction of other monumental mosques in Tabriz, reflecting its enduring historical and cultural importance. During the Safavid and Qajar periods, royal and municipal decrees were inscribed on stone tablets and displayed in the mosque, leaving valuable historical evidence.
Although the exact date of its construction is unknown, historical and architectural evidence suggests that the mosque dates back to the early Islamic centuries. Over time, it experienced repeated destruction, reconstruction, renovation, and expansion due to political changes, earthquakes, and successive building campaigns. These interventions gradually transformed its original structure while incorporating architectural characteristics of different historical periods. This study aims to examine and document the architectural and spatial evolution of the Jameh Kabir Mosque of Tabriz from its earliest formation to the Qajar period. The research is based on the assumption that, despite extensive alterations, significant structural and spatial elements from different periods remain identifiable. By comparing the mosque with contemporary Islamic mosques and architectural traditions, the study reconstructs its historical development. Given the limited scholarly attention to the mosque’s spatial and formal transformations, this research seeks to address an important gap in the literature.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on historical document analysis, field surveys, and comparative studies of similar mosques with preserved structures or reliable historical documentation. This approach enables the reconstruction of the mosque’s architectural configuration across different periods. The findings reveal that the mosque’s present structure is founded on both early Islamic and later architectural phases. Major interventions include the construction of a stucco mihrab during the Ilkhanid period, the northern expansion under the Turkmens, and the replacement of the original dual-dome system with a vault-and-arch covering during the Qajar period. Additional mosques, madrasas, and libraries were gradually incorporated into the complex, transforming it into a larger religious and civic center. The study demonstrates the continuity and adaptability of the Jameh Kabir Mosque of Tabriz and contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Islamic mosque architecture and architectural reconstruction.
Although the exact date of its construction is unknown, historical and architectural evidence suggests that the mosque dates back to the early Islamic centuries. Over time, it experienced repeated destruction, reconstruction, renovation, and expansion due to political changes, earthquakes, and successive building campaigns. These interventions gradually transformed its original structure while incorporating architectural characteristics of different historical periods. This study aims to examine and document the architectural and spatial evolution of the Jameh Kabir Mosque of Tabriz from its earliest formation to the Qajar period. The research is based on the assumption that, despite extensive alterations, significant structural and spatial elements from different periods remain identifiable. By comparing the mosque with contemporary Islamic mosques and architectural traditions, the study reconstructs its historical development. Given the limited scholarly attention to the mosque’s spatial and formal transformations, this research seeks to address an important gap in the literature.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on historical document analysis, field surveys, and comparative studies of similar mosques with preserved structures or reliable historical documentation. This approach enables the reconstruction of the mosque’s architectural configuration across different periods. The findings reveal that the mosque’s present structure is founded on both early Islamic and later architectural phases. Major interventions include the construction of a stucco mihrab during the Ilkhanid period, the northern expansion under the Turkmens, and the replacement of the original dual-dome system with a vault-and-arch covering during the Qajar period. Additional mosques, madrasas, and libraries were gradually incorporated into the complex, transforming it into a larger religious and civic center. The study demonstrates the continuity and adaptability of the Jameh Kabir Mosque of Tabriz and contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Islamic mosque architecture and architectural reconstruction.
Gholamhosein Memarian, Zahra Najafi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2026)
Abstract
Type and typology are among the most significant theoretical discussions in architecture, attracting the attention of numerous researchers over the past two centuries. This paper focuses on one of the prominent scholars in this field—Gianfranco Caniggia—and explores various definitions of type and typology while examining their intellectual foundations. Although the founder of this school of thought was Saverio Muratori, it was his students who disseminated the ideas of this innovative architect. Caniggia, through the publication of several books during his lifetime, developed a distinctive method for describing and analyzing Muratori’s theoretical concepts, to the extent that some have termed his approach the "Caniggia School."
In this article, drawing on various sources—most of which are in Italian—we present Caniggia’s perspective and endeavor to articulate the theoretical underpinnings of each discussed topic. In the end, it becomes evident that the diverse definitions of type and typology proposed by Caniggia are framed solely within the material-physical dimension, as well as within the context of time, space, and material history.
In this article, drawing on various sources—most of which are in Italian—we present Caniggia’s perspective and endeavor to articulate the theoretical underpinnings of each discussed topic. In the end, it becomes evident that the diverse definitions of type and typology proposed by Caniggia are framed solely within the material-physical dimension, as well as within the context of time, space, and material history.
Elham Rezaei,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Drawing muqarnas within circular and elliptical geometric frameworks does not impose any limitation on the choice of rosette (shamseh) due to the absence of corners in the plan. In such cases, designers can freely select the rosette without concern for alignment with the angles of the geometric framework. However, when the geometric framework contains multiple corners, selecting an appropriate rosette becomes a significant design challenge, as it must respond to the framework and coordinate its radial angles with those of the geometric framework. This coordination may involve the intersection of the rosette’s radial extensions with the corners of the framework, or alternatively, the geometric framework may play a passive role in guiding the choice of the muqarnas rosette. Considering the extensive experience of Asghar Sha’rbaf, a recognized master in muqarnas design, and analyzing his documented works in the book Selected Works, the present study investigates this issue across a collection of his designs. The research specifically addresses the following questions: How do the corner angles of the geometric framework influence the selection and construction of the rosette? In Sha’rbaf’s polygonal-geometric-framework designs, are rosettes drawn with equal radial angles, or do they display deliberate variations to achieve geometric harmony? The main objective is to evaluate how geometric frameworks with plans exceeding four sides affect the form and alignment of rosettes in Sha’rbaf’s muqarnas designs. By examining the relationship between the rosette and the underlying geometric framework, this study not only enhances the understanding of muqarnas plan geometries but also provides practical guidance for selecting and accurately drawing rosettes in complex designs. Data were collected through extensive library research, scanning and documenting muqarnas designs, and analyzing the results using planar geometry and angular relationships. The findings reveal that in Sha’rbaf’s designs with geometric frameworks of more than four sides, rosettes are generally aligned with the geometric framework, meaning their radial angles extend through the corners. In cases where direct alignment is absent, the corners are instead coordinated with the axes of some horizontal elements. Slight variations in radial angles indicate that rosettes are not always perfectly regular, allowing them to adapt and maintain overall geometric harmony with the geometric framework.
Seyyedeh Samira Altaha Bonab, Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Karbandi is a type of covering that consists of a combination of arched lintels (narrow arches). And it can be applied to roof coverings in various ways. One of the methods that Iranian architects have used to build Chapireh is the use of karbandi. Which is used in various parts of corner making, including cornering or Shekanj. And the various contexts in which the dome has been implemented have enabled Karbandi to create architectural beauty in addition to structural behavior. And in designing the layout on its grounds; determining the connection points and theoretical and practical geometry is considered a vital step. Because each karbandi has a certain theoretical and practical geometry. In the present study, the connection points and theoretical and practical geometry in two fields of square and rectangular karbandi implemented in corner construction will be examined. This research is a qualitative research type, which is done using a descriptive-analytical method and the necessary information was obtained through library studies and sample analysis. Therefore, in order to achieve the results of this research, the use of corner construction in various buildings was first examined. The plan and three-dimensional view of each of the structures were examined and analyzed in terms of practical and theoretical geometry. The results of the research show that a) corner construction can be divided into two categories: shape and field. In terms of shape, it can be applied to two categories: square and rectangle, and in terms of field, it can be applied to two categories: 2) The theoretical and practical geometry of cornering in the field of squares and rectangles is not the same. For a two-dimensional drawing, the number obtained from counting the butterflies must be added to the number 4, but for three-dimensional modeling, there is no need to add the number 4. 3) The theoretical and practical geometry of the connection points are not the same. To implement and model a karbandi, the connection points (d) obtained from counting the rows must be subtracted from the number 1 because when we do not subtract the number 1 and start implementing and drawing, an additional butterfly row is created in the karbandi, which is not correct.
Marzieh Aslani, Mohammadali Khanmohammadi, Mahdi Hamzenejad, Mahmoud Talkhabi, Farhang Mozafar,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The physical learning environment plays a critical role in shaping the quality of students’ learning experiences, particularly through its interaction with motivational and cognitive processes. Despite their foundational significance in explaining various dimensions of learning, the two prominent theoretical models—Reeve’s Student Engagement model and McCloskey’s Executive Functions model—have rarely been explicitly utilized in the design and analysis of physical learning environments. Furthermore, a comparative exploration of their complementary and integrative analytical potentials, particularly in the context of the physical environment, represents a notable research gap. Addressing this gap holds promise for enhancing both the theoretical foundation and practical strategies in the design of learning spaces. Therefore, this article aims to examine the potential of Reeve’s motivational model and McCloskey’s executive function model for analyzing the physical learning environment. By focusing on learners’ internal processes—namely, types of engagement in the former and executive functions in the latter—these two models offer a framework in which the physical environment is not seen as a neutral backdrop, but rather as an active factor in shaping learning experiences. The central research questions are: What dimensions and indicators does each model propose for analyzing the physical environment in relation to student learning? What are the contributions of a comparative analysis of these two models to understanding and analyzing the physical learning environment? Accordingly, this study employs a comparative analysis with a qualitative approach, using documentary and library research as the data collection method. To this end, the two selected theoretical models—Reeve’s model, which focuses on motivation and types of student engagement, and McCloskey’s model, which emphasizes cognitive executive functions—were first examined in terms of their foundational concepts, internal structure, and applications in learning environments. Subsequently, through conceptual content analysis and deductive inference, the potential of each model to analyze various dimensions of the physical learning environment—including spatial organization, functional uses, physical elements, and formal properties—was investigated and compared. The aim of this comparison was to identify the distinguishing and overlapping features of the two models in analyzing the physical learning environment and to clarify their roles in explaining the characteristics of effective physical environments for learning. Reeve’s model, grounded in Self-Determination Theory, emphasizes the teacher’s role in supporting students’ autonomy and fostering behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and agentic engagement. In contrast, McCloskey’s model focuses on brain-mind executive functions structured into clusters and performance arenas, offering a neuropsychological perspective on the learner’s interaction with the environment. A comparative study of Reeve’s psychological model and McCloskey’s neuropsychological model reveals that each framework, grounded in distinct theoretical foundations, addresses complementary aspects of the relationship between physical environment and learning. The dimensions and indicators of the two models can be analyzed from two perspectives. At the conceptual dimention, Reeve’s model focuses on intrinsic motivation driven by psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) and the multiple dimensions of engagement (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and agentic). In contrast, McCloskey’s model emphasizes the neurocognitive processes underlying learning by proposing clusters of executive functions (Attending, Engaging, Monitoring and Adjusting, Performing Efficiently, Managing Memory, Inquiring Reflectively, and Problem Solving), along with four contextual arenas in which these functions operate (intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental, and symbolic systems). At the methodological dimention, Reeve’s model is applicable in studies of the physical environment that focus on measuring motivation and observing types of engagement. Meanwhile, McCloskey’s framework is suitable for evaluating the physical environment from precise cognitive perspectives, analyzing mental functions, and designing interventions based on cognitive neuroscience. These methodological differences are reflected in the types of assessment tools, levels of analysis, and nature of data employed. At the practical dimention, Reeve’s model, with its focus on intrinsic motivation, psychological needs, and multifaceted engagement, provides a rich conceptual framework for analyzing the physical environment from a motivational-social perspective. McCloskey’s model, on the other hand, offers an analytical basis for assessing the physical environment in terms of its support or hindrance of neurocognitive functioning based on executive operations. Ultimately, both models enable the analysis of physical learning environments in terms of their alignment with motivational and executive mental needs and support for self-regulatory processes. Accordingly, Reeve’s model is particularly useful in analyzing and designing learning spaces that emphasize motivation, choice, interaction, and learner-centeredness. It is especially applicable to the design of motivational spaces that promote positive emotions and active engagement, offering flexibility, personalization, and suitability for small, medium, and large group activities. Conversely, McCloskey’s model Is effective in analyzing environments that require minimized distractions, enhanced concentration, spatial order, and quick feedback. It emphasizes efficient spatial organization, visual clarity, and the design of personal and group spaces aligned with cognitive goals such as inquiry and problem-solving. In conclusion, these two models are not in conflict but are analytically complementary. Their integration offers a synergistic perspective on the motivational and cognitive dimensions of the physical learning environment. Combining insights from both models allows for a deeper, multilayered, and more integrated analysis of the relationship between physical space and learning. Such an approach offers educational space designers, educational psychologists, and learning researchers a comprehensive framework for designing environments that support both learner motivation and cognitive functioning.
Azita Balalioskoyi, Mahdi Farjad, Shahrzad Banan, Yahya Jamali,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The Pahlavi era in Iran coincided with the emergence of various movements that influenced different aspects of people’s lives, providing fertile ground for the expression of architects’ creativity and talent. Along with these developments, the physical structure of cities underwent significant transformations. Among them, changes in the function of urban passages led to a shift in architectural character—from introversion to extroversion. Consequently, openings and windows acquired a more prominent role in shaping the urban façade and landscape.
In contemporary Iranian architecture, however, this valuable heritage has been endangered in recent years due to rapid demolitions and renovations carried out without regard for the existing historical structures.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the typology and identify the archetypal patterns underlying the formation of window forms. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the approach is qualitative. This study aims to answer two main questions:
1. Into how many categories can the dominant formal patterns of openings in Tehran’s Pahlavi-period architecture be classified?
2. What are the origins of each of these dominant formal patterns?
To achieve this, approximately 1,000 houses were analyzed. Patterns with formal similarities were identified and categorized into several groups: pure patterns, shape patterns, free spiral, ram’s horn spiral, single spiral, regular spiral, composite spiral patterns, composite patterns, floral and vegetal motifs, and forty-piece compositions. Based on these general classifications, a fundamental pattern was extracted for each category.
In contemporary Iranian architecture, however, this valuable heritage has been endangered in recent years due to rapid demolitions and renovations carried out without regard for the existing historical structures.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the typology and identify the archetypal patterns underlying the formation of window forms. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the approach is qualitative. This study aims to answer two main questions:
1. Into how many categories can the dominant formal patterns of openings in Tehran’s Pahlavi-period architecture be classified?
2. What are the origins of each of these dominant formal patterns?
To achieve this, approximately 1,000 houses were analyzed. Patterns with formal similarities were identified and categorized into several groups: pure patterns, shape patterns, free spiral, ram’s horn spiral, single spiral, regular spiral, composite spiral patterns, composite patterns, floral and vegetal motifs, and forty-piece compositions. Based on these general classifications, a fundamental pattern was extracted for each category.
Samira Salehi, Mohsen Dehghani Tafti, Gholamhossein Memarian,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
In contemporary times, the neglect of past architectural methods and their identity has impacted the quality of modern housing. However, understanding and studying the structure of historical houses can serve as a bridge linking traditional architecture with today’s residential design. Iranian historical houses were always constructed in harmony with their geographical context and in response to diverse cultural and livelihood needs. Among these, the historical houses of Isfahan stood out as some of the most prominent examples, warranting deeper analysis.
This study aimed to identify and analyze the construction patterns of houses in the city of Isfahan through a typological approach. The research focused on 33 Muslim-inhabited houses located in Isfahan's historical fabric, spanning from the Safavid era to the late Qajar period. The methodology was qualitative and based on typological classification.
The findings revealed that the historical houses of Isfahan could be categorized into three primary types based on the main spatial element located on the central courtyard’s main façade: Shekam-Darideh (cross-shaped plan), Talardār (with a central hall), and Iwandār (with a portico). Each of these types reflected distinct physical structures and spatial-constructional systems associated with specific lifestyles. In the Shekam-Darideh type, a cruciform space was located along the courtyard’s central axis, influencing the courtyard's overall appearance. The Talardār type featured a rectangular hall with a flat roof, placed on the main axis of the courtyard. In the Iwandār type, a columned portico dominated the main façade, typically flanked by adjacent rooms such as traditional three-door or two-door rooms. The Iwandār type was structurally simpler, incorporating three spatial categories: open, semi-open, and closed. Each typology offered unique capabilities to meet residents' needs under various conditions.
Dr Morvarid Barar, Dr Davod Ranjbaran, Dr Alireza Razeghi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Understanding the jurisprudential teachings of Islamic schools of thought is essential for appreciating Islamic art and architecture, as it reveals reveal broader dimensions of Islamic wisdom expressed through built forms. The mosque, as the most comprehensive architectural typology in Islamic culture, serves as a significant reflection of Islamic beliefs. To fully grasp mosque architecture, one must acknowledge the doctrinal principles of the two primary Islamic sects—Shi'ism and Sunnism. A comparative analysis of mosques associated with these sects not only highlights their architectural features but also illuminates the cultural and historical contexts across various regions of the Islamic world.
This research investigates how the jurisprudential principles of Shi'a and Sunni Islam shape mosque architecture, identifying both similarities and differences. The study examines Quranic verses and Hadiths from each tradition to extract key jurisprudential foundations and analyzes five Sunni and five Shi'a mosques from the Qajar period located in the provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah. Through comparative analysis, the research identifies points of convergence and divergence.
The findings reveal that the jurisprudential principles of both sects influence mosque architecture in both direct and indirect ways. Consequently, the physical components of the mosques are categorized into five distinct groups, evaluated according to their respective sectarian principles. The analyzed Shi'a mosques exhibit a stronger alignment with jurisprudential elements specific to Shi'a doctrine and demonstrate a more pronounced civilizational significance in their architectural expression.
This research investigates how the jurisprudential principles of Shi'a and Sunni Islam shape mosque architecture, identifying both similarities and differences. The study examines Quranic verses and Hadiths from each tradition to extract key jurisprudential foundations and analyzes five Sunni and five Shi'a mosques from the Qajar period located in the provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah. Through comparative analysis, the research identifies points of convergence and divergence.
The findings reveal that the jurisprudential principles of both sects influence mosque architecture in both direct and indirect ways. Consequently, the physical components of the mosques are categorized into five distinct groups, evaluated according to their respective sectarian principles. The analyzed Shi'a mosques exhibit a stronger alignment with jurisprudential elements specific to Shi'a doctrine and demonstrate a more pronounced civilizational significance in their architectural expression.
Zeinab Hayati, Soulmaz Aghaei,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
The concept of "inner space" (Daroon) as a fundamental quality in architecture of worship place plays a decisive role in shaping the experience of presence. However, today, this quality is often weakened due to the dominance of formal and functional aspects, necessitating a systematic and analytical redefinition. This research aimed to formulate an analytical framework for the concept of "inner space," examine its manifestation in the rock shrine Ghadamgah in Azarshahr, and conduct an analytical comparison with contemporary architecture of similar typologies. Employing a qualitative-interpretive method and a case study strategy at the mentioned site, the study sought to answer two primary questions: first, what are the orders, levels, and characteristics of the concept of inner space in architecture from the perspective of theorists; and second, how is the inner space defined in the architecture of the rock shrine Ghadamgah of Azarshahr. Data were collected through systematic field observations, physical documentation, and library studies, and were analyzed using an interpretive synthesis approach, with validity ensured through a triangulation strategy.
The findings reveal that "inner space" is a relational and generative phenomenon formed through the interaction between the human and the space in a three-level hierarchical process: (1) At the structural level, strategies such as enclosure, emphasis on mass, and symbolic lighting create a meaningful physical context. (2) This context enables patterns at the functional level, including movement guidance and focus on a center. (3) The user's interaction with these two layers leads to rich experiences at the semantic level, such as a sense of immersion and spiritual connection. The main achievement of the research is presenting a three-level analytical model of inner space. Applying this model as a critique criterion shows that the weakening of inner space quality in many contemporary of worship place typologies is primarily the result of an unbalanced attention and the excessive dominance of the structural level (visual grandeur and scale) at the cost of neglecting the actional and perceptual levels (privacy, stillness, and sense of belonging). From a practical perspective, this framework provides a design guide that emphasizes the necessity of creating a systemic balance between form, function, and experience.
The findings reveal that "inner space" is a relational and generative phenomenon formed through the interaction between the human and the space in a three-level hierarchical process: (1) At the structural level, strategies such as enclosure, emphasis on mass, and symbolic lighting create a meaningful physical context. (2) This context enables patterns at the functional level, including movement guidance and focus on a center. (3) The user's interaction with these two layers leads to rich experiences at the semantic level, such as a sense of immersion and spiritual connection. The main achievement of the research is presenting a three-level analytical model of inner space. Applying this model as a critique criterion shows that the weakening of inner space quality in many contemporary of worship place typologies is primarily the result of an unbalanced attention and the excessive dominance of the structural level (visual grandeur and scale) at the cost of neglecting the actional and perceptual levels (privacy, stillness, and sense of belonging). From a practical perspective, this framework provides a design guide that emphasizes the necessity of creating a systemic balance between form, function, and experience.
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