Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

---

This paper presents the effects of instrument transformers connection points on the measured impedance by distance relays in the presence of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices with series connected branch. Distance relay tripping characteristic itself depends on the power system structural conditions, pre-fault operational conditions, and especially the ground fault resistance. The structural and controlling parameters of FACTS devices as well as the connection points of instrument transformers affect the ideal tripping characteristic of distance relay. This paper presents a general set of equations to evaluate the measured impedance at the relaying point for a general model of FACTS devices to consider different affecting parameters.

---

this work studies the effect of neutral earth resistance on the controlling ferroresonance oscillation in the power transformer including MOV surge arrester. A simple case of ferroresonance circuit in a three phase transformer is used to show this phenomenon and the three-phase transformer core structures including nonlinear core losses are discussed. The effect of MOV surge arrester and neutral earth resistance on the onset of chaotic ferroresonance and controlling chaotic transient in a power transformer including nonlinear core losses has been studied. It is expected that these resistances generally cause into ferroresonance control. Simulation has been done on a power transformer rated 50 MVA, 635.1 kV with one open phase. The magnetization characteristic of the transformer is modelled by a single-value two-term polynomial with q=7, 11. The core losses are modelled by third order in terms of voltage. The simulation results reveal that connecting the MOV arrester and neutral resistance to the transformer, exhibits a great impact on ferroresonance over voltages. Copyright © 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

---

In this paper a novel very high performance current mirror is presented. It favorably benefits from such excellent parameters as: Ultra high output resistance (36.9GΩ), extremely low input resistance (0.0058Ω), low output (~0.18V) and low input voltage (~0.18V) operation, very low power consumption (20μW), very low offset current (1pA), ultra wide current dynamic range (150dB), and ultra high accuracy (error = 0.003%). The circuit has a very simple compact architecture and uses a single 1V power supply. The qualitative performance of the circuit is validated with HSPICE simulations using HSPICE TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology.

---

One of the most important features of the Active Inductors (AIs) is their input equivalent resistance, namely series-loss resistance, which should be low enough to have a high Quality Factor (QF). Most of the previous methods by this goal did not yield a high enough QF. This paper presents a new method, namely applying an RC feedback, to cancel series-loss resistance entirely. As the RC feedback cancels series-loss resistance, it enhances the Self-Resonant Frequency (SRF) as well. The SRF of the AI has a range as high as 0.25-12.5 GHz. Compared to the previous reports, the QF has been improved by applying the RC feedback. The structure is such that the QF can be adjusted independent of the SRF. For example, a very high quality factor of 13159 at the frequency of 6.6 GHz with a 2.2 nH inductance is obtained, while noise voltage and power dissipation are less than 4.6 nV Hz and 4 mW, respectively. The AI is designed and simulated using 90 nm CMOS process and 1.2 V power supply. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time an RC feedback has been implemented to cancel series-loss resistance.

---

In this paper we introduce two innovative image and video watermarking algorithms. The paper’s main emphasis is on the use of chaotic maps to boost the algorithms’ security and resistance against attacks. By encrypting the watermark information in a one dimensional chaotic map, we make the extraction of watermark for potential attackers very hard. In another approach, we select embedding positions by a two dimensional chaotic map which enables us to satisfactorily distribute watermark information throughout the host signal. This prevents concentration of watermark data in a corner of the host signal which effectively saves it from being a target for attacks that include cropping of the signal. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes are quite resistant to many kinds of attacks which commonly threaten watermarking algorithms.

---

Circuit Breakers (CBs) are critical components in power system for reliability and protection. To assure their accurate performance, a comprehensive condition assessment is of an imminent importance. Based on dynamic resistance measurement (DRM), this paper discusses a simple yet effective fuzzy approach for evaluating CB’s electrical contacts condition. According to 300 test results obtained from healthy and three defected electrical contacts, the authors describe the special effect of common failures on DRM characteristics and propose seven deterioration indicators. Using these parameters, a fuzzy classifier is suggested to accurately determine contact sets condition. The salient advantage of the proposed model is its capability to recognize the type of contact failure. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme has been validated through 40 real life recorded data of some electrical contacts. 

---