Showing 19 results for Protection
F. Namdari, S. Jamali, P. A. Crossley,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (7-2005)
Abstract
Current differential based wide area protection (WAP) has recently been
proposed as a technique to increase the reliability of protection systems. It increases system
stability and can prevent large contingencies such as cascading outages and blackouts. This
paper describes how power differential protection (PDP) can be used within a WAP and
shows that the algorithm operates correctly for all types of system faults whilst preventing
unwanted tripping, even if the data has been distorted by CT saturation or by data
mismatches caused by delays in the WAP data collection system.
The PDP algorithm has been simulated and tested on an Iranian 400kV transmission line
during different fault and system operating conditions. The proposed operating logic and
the PDP algorithm were also evaluated using simulation studies based on the Northern
Ireland Electricity (NIE) 275 kV network. The results presented illustrate the validity of the
proposed protection.
H. Shateri, S. Jamali,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (7-2006)
Abstract
This paper presents the effects of instrument transformers connection points on
the measured impedance by distance relays in the presence of Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission System (FACTS) devices with series connected branch. Distance relay
tripping characteristic itself depends on the power system structural conditions, pre-fault
operational conditions, and especially the ground fault resistance. The structural and
controlling parameters of FACTS devices as well as the connection points of instrument
transformers affect the ideal tripping characteristic of distance relay. This paper presents a
general set of equations to evaluate the measured impedance at the relaying point for a
general model of FACTS devices to consider different affecting parameters.
S. Jamali , A. Parham,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm for adaptive determination of the dead time
during transient arcing faults and blocking automatic reclosing during permanent faults on
overhead transmission lines. The discrimination between transient and permanent faults is
made by the zero sequence voltage measured at the relay point. If the fault is recognised as
an arcing one, then the third harmonic of the zero sequence voltage is used to evaluate the
extinction time of the secondary arc and to initiate reclosing signal. The significant
advantage of this algorithm is that it uses an adaptive threshold level and therefore its
performance is independent of fault location, line parameters and the system operating
conditions. The proposed algorithm has been successfully tested under a variety of fault
locations and load angles on a 400KV overhead line using Electro-Magnetic Transient
Program (EMTP). The test results validate the algorithm ability in determining the
secondary arc extinction time during transient faults as well as blocking unsuccessful
automatic reclosing during permanent faults.
M. Mollanezhad Heydar-Abadi , A. Akbari Foroud,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
Fault classification in distance protection of transmission lines, with considering the wide variation in the fault operating conditions, has been very challenging task. This paper presents a probabilistic neural network (PNN) and new feature selection technique for fault classification in transmission lines. Initially, wavelet transform is used for feature extraction from half cycle of post-fault three phase currents at one end of line. In the proposed method three classifiers corresponding with three phases are used which fed by normalized particular features as wavelet energy ratio (WER) and ground index (GI). The PNNs are trained to provide faulted phase selection in different ten fault types. Finally, logic outputs of classifiers and GI identify the fault type. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is tested on transmission line using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Variation of operating conditions in train cases is limited, but it is wide for test cases. Also, quantity of the test data sets is larger than the train data sets. The results indicate that the proposed technique is high speed, accurate and robust for a wide variation in operating conditions and noisy environments.
Y Damchi, J Sadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (12-2013)
Abstract
Appropriate operation of protection system is one of the effective factors to have a desirable reliability in power systems, which vitally needs routine test of protection system. Precise determination of optimum routine test time interval (ORTTI) plays a vital role in predicting the maintenance costs of protection system. In the most previous studies, ORTTI has been determined while remote back-up protection system was considered fully reliable. This assumption is not exactly correct since remote back-up protection system may operate incorrectly or fail to operate, the same as the primary protection system. Therefore, in order to determine the ORTTI, an extended Markov model is proposed in this paper considering failure probability for remote back-up protection system. In the proposed Markov model of the protection systems, monitoring facility is taken into account. Moreover, it is assumed that the primary and back-up protection systems are maintained simultaneously. Results show that the effect of remote back-up protection system failures on the reliability indices and optimum routine test intervals of protection system is considerable.
Y. Damchi, J. Sadeh, H. Rajabi Mashhadi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract
The aim of the relay coordination is that protection systems detect and isolate the faulted part as fast and selective as possible. On the other hand, in order to reduce the fault clearing time, distance protection relays are usually equipped with pilot protection schemes. Such schemes can be considered in the distance and directional overcurrent relays (D&DOCRs) coordination to achieve faster protection systems, while the selectivity is maintained. Therefore, in this paper, a new formulation is presented for the relay coordination problem considering pilot protection. In the proposed formulation, the selectivity constraints for the primary distance and backup overcurrent relays are defined based on the fault at the end of the transmission lines, rather than those at the end of the first zone of the primary distance relay. To solve this nonlinear optimization problem, a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and linear programming (LP) is used as a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). The proposed approach is tested on an 8-bus and the IEEE 14-bus test systems. Simulation results indicate that considering the pilot protection in the D&DOCRS coordination, not only obtains feasible and effective solutions for the relay settings, but also reduces the overall operating time of the protection system.
M. Mollanezhad Heydarabadi, A. Akbari Foroud,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
Current inversion condition leads to incorrect operation of current based directional relay in power system with series compensated device. Application of the intelligent system for fault direction classification has been suggested in this paper. A new current directional protection scheme based on intelligent classifier is proposed for the series compensated line. The proposed classifier uses only half cycle of pre-fault and post fault current samples at relay location to feed the classifier. A lot of forward and backward fault simulations under different system conditions upon a transmission line with a fixed series capacitor are carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software. The applicability of decision tree (DT), probabilistic neural network (PNN) and support vector machine (SVM) are investigated using simulated data under different system conditions. The performance comparison of the classifiers indicates that the SVM is a best suitable classifier for fault direction discriminating. The backward faults can be accurately distinguished from forward faults even under current inversion without require to detect of the current inversion condition.
M. Esmaeilzadeh, I. Ahmadi, N. Ramezani,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (6-2018)
Abstract
Distributed generation (DG) has been widely used in distribution network to reduce the energy losses, improve voltage profile and system reliability, etc. The location and capacity of DG units can influence on probability of protection mal-operation in distribution networks. In this paper, a novel model for DG planning is proposed to find the optimum DG location and sizing in radial distribution networks. The main purpose of the suggested model is to minimize the total cost including DG investment and operation costs. The operation costs include the cost of energy loss, the cost of protection coordination and also the mal-operation cost. The proposed DG planning model is implemented in MATLAB programming environment integrated with DIgSILENT software. The simulation results conducted on the standard 38-bus radial distribution network confirm the necessity of incorporating the protection coordination limits in the DG planning problem. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out to illustrate the significance of considering these limits.
A. S. Hoshyarzadeh, B. Zaker, A. A. Khodadoost Arani, G. B. Gharehpetian,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Recently, smart grids have been considered as one of the vital elements in upgrading current power systems to a system with more reliability and efficiency. Distributed generation is necessary for most of these new networks. Indeed, in all cases that DGs are used in distribution systems, protection coordination failures may occur in multiple configurations of smart grids using DGs. In different configurations, there are various fault currents that can lead to protection failure. In this study, an optimal DG locating and Thyristor-Controlled Impedance (TCI) sizing of resistive, inductive, and capacitive type is proposed for distribution systems to prevent considerable changes in fault currents due to different modes of the smart grid. This problem is nonlinear constrained programming (NLP) and the genetic algorithm is utilized for the optimization. This optimization is applied to the IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus standard distribution systems. Optimum DG location and TCI sizing has carried out in steady fault currents in the grid-connected mode of these practical networks. Simulation results verify that the proposed method is effective for minimizing the protection coordination failure in such distribution networks.
S. R. Hosseini, M. Karrari, H. Askarian Abyaneh,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
This paper presents a novel impedance-based approach for out-of-step (OOS) protection of a synchronous generator. The most popular and commonly used approaches for detecting OOS conditions are based on the measurement of positive sequence impedance at relay location. However, FACTS devices change the measured impedance value and thus disrupt the performance of impedance-based relay function. In this paper, the performance of synchronous generator OOS protection function connected to the transmission line in the presence of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is investigated. Moreover, an analytical adaptive approach is used to eliminate the effect of STATCOM. This approach requires only the remote bus voltage and current phasors to be sent to the relay location via a communication channel. Simulation results show that STATCOM changes impedance trajectory and causes the incorrect operation of OOS relay. Furthermore, the proposed approach corrects the relay mal-operation and improves the accuracy of OOS impedance-based function when the STATCOM is used in the system.
A. H. Poursaeed, F. Namdari,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
In this paper, a novel method is proposed to monitor the power system voltage stability using Support Vector Machine (SVM) by implementing real-time data received from the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS). In this study, the effects of the protection schemes on the voltage magnitude of the buses are considered while they have not been investigated in previous researches. Considering overcurrent protection for transmission lines not only resolves some drawbacks of the previous studies but also brings the case study system closer to the realities of actual systems. Online monitoring of system stability is performed by prediction of the Voltage Stability Index (VSI) and carried out by using Support Vector Regression (SVR). Due to the direct effect of appropriate SVR parameters on the prediction quality, the optimum value is chosen for learning machine hyperparameters using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. The obtained simulation results demonstrate high accuracy, effectiveness, and optimal performance of the proposed technique in comparison with Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) approaches. The presented method is carried out on the 39 bus New England system.
S. R. Hosseini, M. Karrari, H. Askarian Abyaneh,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
In this paper, a novel approach based on the Thévenin tracing is presented to modified conventional impedance-based out-of-step (OOS) protection. In conventional approach, the OOS detection is done by measuring positive sequence impedance. However, the measured impedance may be change due to different factors such as capacitor bank switching and reactive power compensators that it can cause the relay to malfunction. In this paper, first, an on-line Thévenin equivalent (TE) approach based on the recursive least square (RLS) is presented. Then, a protection function is developed based on online network Thévenin equivalent parameters to correct the measured impedance path. The main feature of this method is the use of local voltage and current measurements for Thévenin equivalent estimation and OOS protection. The performance of the proposed method is investigated by simulation of synchronous generator OOS protection function in the presence of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The simulation results show that, STATCOM changes the impedance path and can cause the incorrect diagnosis of OOS relay. Furthermore, the proposed method corrects the impedance path and improves the accuracy of OOS impedance-based function when the STATCOM is installed in system.
A. Mirsamadi, Y. Damchi, M. Assili,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Power systems should have acceptable reliability in order to operate properly. Highly available and dependable protective relays help to obtain the desirable reliability. The relays should be periodically evaluated during specific intervals to achieve the mentioned characteristics. The Routine Test Interval (RTI) should be optimized in order to economically maximize the reliability of the protection system. The failure rate of the relays plays a vital role in determination of the Optimum Routine Test Interval (ORTI). Human error is one of the effective factors in the failure rate of the relays. Therefore, in this paper, a Markov model is proposed to investigate the impact of human error on the failure rate and the ORTI of the protection system. The model is applied for the protection system of power transformer. The obtained results indicated that human error has a significant impact on the increase of protection system failure, the decrease of the desired reliability indices, and the reduction of ORTI of the protection system.
M. Khalili, F. Namdari, E. Rokrok,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
This paper presents a new single-end scheme to locate and protect faults on the compensated transmission line using the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The UPFC controllers have remarkable effects on the transient and steady-state components of the voltage and current signals. First of all, this study evaluates the impact of UPFC on Traveling Waves (TW) that pass through the UPFC location. Following that, the effects of UPFC’s harmonic on conventional protections will be investigated using the TW theory. A single-end method will be presented in the next stage to protect and locate the faults on the compensated transmission lines with UPFC. Moreover, an extraction technique (i.e., Discrete Wavelet Transform [DWT]) is used to process the current and voltage signals. As a branch of mathematics, cooperative game is employed in this study to represent the strategic interaction of different players in a context by predefined rules and outcomes. Additionally, this study made use of this theory to distinguish the extracted TWs from each other. The proposed method is assessed considering different fault situations with great variations in operating conditions accompanied by a UPFC placed at the midpoint of the line.
Gh. Khandar-Shahabad, J. Beiza, J. Pouladi, T. Abedinzadeh,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
A new regionalization algorithm is presented to improve wide-area backup protection (WABP) of the power system. This method divides the power system into several protection zones based on the proposed optimal measurement device (MD) placement and electrical distances. The modified binary particle swarm optimization is used to achieve the optimal MD placement in the first step. Next, the power system is divided into small protection zones (SPZ) using the topology matrix of the power system and MD locations. Finally, the SPZs are combined to accomplish the main protection zones and protection centers according to electrical distances, degree of buses, and communication link constraints. The introduced regionalization formulation can help provide a rapid and secure WABP for power systems. This method was applied to several IEEE standard test systems, and the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Shankarshan Prasad Tiwari, Ebha Koley,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
In recent years, DC microgrid has attracted considerable attention of the research community because of the wide usage of DC power-based appliances. However, the acceptance of DC microgrid by power utilities is still limited due to the issues associated with the development of a reliable protection scheme. The high magnitude of DC fault current, its rapid rate of rising and absence of zero crossing hinders achieving reliable protection in DC microgrid. Further, the intermittency associated with the non-conventional distributed generators demands adaptiveness under varying weather conditions. In this paper, the above-mentioned issues are addressed by developing a bagging tree-based protection approach for a multi-terminal DC microgrid. The proposed scheme addresses the intermittency associated with renewable sources. It performs the functions of mode detection, fault detection/classification, and faulty section identification using local information of current and voltage signals only. The same avoids the communication network related drawbacks like data loss and latency.
Hamid Salarvand, Meysam Doostizadeh, Farhad Namdari,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Owing to the portability and flexibility of mobile energy storage systems (MESSs), they seem to be a promising solution to improve the resilience of the distribution system (DS). So, this paper presents a rolling optimization mechanism for dispatching MESSs and other resources in microgrids in case of a natural disaster occurrence. The proposed mechanism aims to minimize the total system cost based on the updated information of the status of the DS and transportation network (TN). In addition, the characteristics of the protection system in DS (i.e., relays with fixed protection settings), the constraints related to the protection coordination are examined under pre- and post-event conditions. The coordinated scheduling at each time step is formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program (MILP) with temporal-spatial and operation constraints. The proposed model is carried out on the Sioux Falls TN and the IEEE 33-bus test system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of MESS mobility in enhancing DS resilience due to the coordination of mobile and stationary resources.
M. Dodangeh, N. Ghaffarzadeh,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
An intelligent strategy for the protection of AC microgrids is presented in this paper. This method was halving to an initial signal processing step and a machine learning-based forecasting step. The initial stage investigates currents and voltages with a window-based approach based on the dynamic decomposition method (DDM) and then involves the norms of the signals to the resultant DDM data. The results of the currents and voltages norms are applied as features for a topology data analysis algorithm for fault type classifying in the AC microgrid for fault location purposes. The Algorithm was tested on a microgrid that operates with precision equal to 100% in fault classification and a mean error lower than 20 m when forecasting the fault location. The proposed method robustly operates in sampling frequency, fault resistance variation, and noisy and high impedance fault conditions.
Seyed Masoud Barakati, Farzad Tahmasebi,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Increasing the penetration of distributed generation (DG) systems in power systems has many advantages, but it also has problems, including interference with the proper functioning of the protection systems. This problem is severe in microgrid systems that contain many DGs. Overcurrent relays are one of the most critical protection equipment of protection systems. The DG sources significantly change the characteristics of fault currents and the protection designs as well as the coordination of overcurrent relays. This paper proposes a coordination method for directional overcurrent relays with dual adjustment to resolve the interference problem in the protection system of a microgrid in the presence of distributed generation sources based on the electronic power converter (inverter). This is done by considering the curve of different standard characteristics according to the IEC60255 standard in two operating modes, the grid-connected and islanded. A genetic optimization algorithm is used to reduce the total operating time of the relays. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed coordination method. The results show that the protection coordination scheme with dual adjustment relays and the use of combined characteristic curves can significantly reduce the operating time of the total relays.
