Automotive Science and Engineering

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Non-linear characteristic of tire forces is the main cause of vehicle lateral dynamics instability, while direct yaw moment control is an effective method to recover the vehicle stability. In this paper, an optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller for roll-yaw dynamics to articulated heavy vehicles is developed. For this purpose, the equations of motion obtained by the MATLAB software are coded and then a control law is introduced by minimizing the local differences between the predicted and the desired responses. The influence of some parameters such as the anti roll bar, change the parameters of the suspension system and track wide in articulated heavy vehicles stability has been studied. The simulation results show that the vehicle stability can be remarkably improved when the optimal linear controller is applied

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This paper presents a reduce roll vibration of the full vehicle model with passive suspension systems using vibration absorber to change the dynamic system matrix stat’s eigenvalue. Since using the controller system has been splurged and required to energy consuming, in this research the vehicle body roll vibration has been reduced and supplied vehicle stability using a vibration absorber for the passive suspension system. In this paper a new manner is introduced to reduce body roll angle and body's roll acceleration. The transverse instability in the independent suspension is a main problem, roll angle decreased transverse stability, that it has been reduced using vibration absorber. The optimal value of vibration absorber’s mass, spring and damping coefficient has been determined by using genetic algorithms (GA) to achieve developed roll angle behavior. The main purpose of this article is to reduce vehicle body roll angle that has been acquired using vibration absorber, this manner is better than other ways for roll reduction of vehicle body because it has done without any energy consuming.

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This study tries to redesign the interior design of inter-city bus in order to fulfill needs of Iranian User. The goal of this study is practically investigate how user centered design can be applied considering cultural needs of Iranian user. By defining common needs between cultural and physical aspects of Iranian user, the main focus was on improving the sitting condition of the traveler with intercity bus. Ergonomic redesign of the Bus Seat was the result of such a study

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Today, the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significantly increased as an energy storage technology. In recent years, the high demand for lithium for LIB has resulted in a significant increase in the consumption of lithium-containing materials. It is anticipated that the reduction of lithium due to the limited reserves of lithium will be one of the major challenges in the future. The primary component of the lithium-ion battery industry is lithium, which is extracted from natural minerals and saline water. However, the extraction of lithium from natural minerals and saline water is a complex process that requires a significant amount of energy. Conversely, the quantity of batteries that are approaching the end of their lifespan is unavoidably increasing at an alarming rate. In order to address the obstacles that the lithium battery supply chain encounters, it is imperative that a variety of recycling technologies and methodologies be further developed. This article concentrates on technologies that can recycle lithium compounds from LIB through distinct processes and procedures. These stages are further divided into two pre-treatment phases and a lithium extraction stage. The lithium extraction stage is further divided into three primary methods: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, Direct. This review article quantitatively compares and analyzes the processes, advantages, disadvantages, efficiency, price, environmental contamination, and degree of commercialization of each recycling method. This review can offer a suitable perspective to enhance this path.