18 2382-980X Iran University of Science & Technology 1746 Subject- oriented researches in Islamic architecture and urbanism, eg. Spatial-geometrical ideas, symbols and ornaments A Comparative Analysis of the Form and Function of Open and Semi-Open Spaces in Historical Schools of the Desert and Central Regions of Iran (Ilkhanid to Qajar Periods) Loghmani Narges b b Department of Architecture and Urban Planning , Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 1 22 07 04 2024 17 05 2025 Islamic historical schools are a manifestation of the distinguished culture and advanced civilization of Islam; however, despite researchers’ attention to the study of various cultural aspects of Islam, this valuable area has not been sufficiently analyzed. In Iranian school architecture, the spectrum of form and function serves as a domain for classifying the features of open and semi-open spaces, revealing their similarities and differences. This spectrum has not yet been used for a comparative study to classify the characteristics of open and semi-open spaces in Iranian school architecture. This research aims to answer two questions: What is the arrangement pattern of open and semi-open spaces in historical schools of the desert and central regions of Iran, and which factors have had the greatest impact in creating differences and similarities in the formal design of schools in these regions? In this regard, nine samples were purposefully selected from among the existing historical schools in these regions. The following criteria were considered in selecting samples from all historical schools in Iran: location in a similar climate (desert and central regions of Iran), typological distinction as schools rather than mosque-school complexes, representation across different historical periods (Ilkhanid to Qajar), and selection of schools whose open and semi-open spaces exhibit changes in form and function compared to other schools. Using a comparative analytical-descriptive research method, common patterns in the design of open and semi-open spaces were identified. Data for this research were collected through fieldwork, library studies, and cultural heritage documents. The results showed that in some cities, such as Yazd and Kashan, the patterns are more similar due to the use of garden courtyards (ḥawż-bāgh). Additionally, the issue of function and the addition of new uses to schools and open spaces appeared in various forms. Ultimately, functional considerations contributed the most to creating differences, while climate and geometry—particularly in the domain of proportions (Iranian golden ratios)—were influential in creating similarities.
1764 Strategic and practical principals in Islamic architecture and urbanism The principles of designing Islamic centers with the approach of cultural coexistence: A case study in England Ekhlasi Ahmad c Mozaffar Hamid d Taghdir Samaneh e c Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. d Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. e Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 23 47 30 07 2024 01 03 2025 “Islamic centers” are among the most important symbols of the presence of Muslims in non-Muslim countries and hold significant identity value. They also act as cultural representatives of the Muslim community in the eyes of the host society. Therefore, their design is particularly important. This research aims to identify principles for designing Islamic centers that help preserve and strengthen Islamic cultural identity while improving coexistence with host communities. By reviewing previous studies, the research identified “identity” and “coexistence” as its main concepts. These were examined in relation to Islamic center architecture using a place-based model structured around the three axes of “meaning,” “physical form,” and “activity.” The study focuses on these issues from the perspective of Muslim users; therefore, a questionnaire was used to gain a comprehensive and accurate understanding. Since the researchers intend to design an Islamic center in England, the questionnaire—containing both closed and open questions—was distributed among Muslims living in England to identify their needs, views, and visual preferences. The results were derived through comparative analysis of the questionnaire findings, library studies, and previous research. The research outcome is presented as a strategic model across the three axes of meaning, physical form, and activity, offering design principles that support both coexistence with the host society and the preservation of Islamic identity. The findings show that incorporating symbols of Islamic values strengthens identity expression, reduces feelings of deprivation, and increases acceptance among Muslim minorities, contributing to reduced cultural tensions and a greater sense of belonging. Using shared visual elements and common values also reduces sensitivities within the host society and improves communication. A convergent approach allows Islamic centers to function as both religious centers for Muslims and cultural centers for the wider society, enhancing the image of Islamic culture. Consequently, identity and coexistence are interconnected, and both must be addressed in the design of Islamic centers. 1763 Subject- oriented researches in Islamic architecture and urbanism, eg. Spatial-geometrical ideas, symbols and ornaments Analyzing the proportions in the dimensions of the two main physical components of samples of traditional baths for Qajar period in Qazvin city Hossein Poornader Maria f f Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 48 64 30 07 2024 12 04 2025 Iranian architecture of the past is distinguished by its consistent application of geometric rules and mathematical principles, which endowed structures with visual richness and precision. This knowledge was fundamental to historical architectural practice but has diminished in contemporary Iranian design. Geometry remains a key organizing factor in classifying traditional Iranian architecture, with shared principles evident across building types such as bazaars, houses, mosques, and caravanserais. Among these, traditional baths (hammams) represent an important typology, combining durability, environmental regulation, beauty, and functionality. During the Qajar period, Qazvin served as a major transit hub on the Silk Road, resulting in urban expansion and the construction of neighborhood baths across its twenty districts. These structures evolved from ancient ritual and social functions into significant public amenities, especially under Islamic emphasis on purification. This study investigates whether specific geometric shapes and proportional systems governed the design of the two primary physical components—Sarbineh (changing room) and Garmkhaneh (hot room)—in nine Qajar-era baths in Qazvin. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining interpretative-historical, survey, and logical reasoning analysis, the research examines architectural layouts and dimensional ratios. Findings indicate varied use of proportional systems. The √3 ratio appears least frequently, observed only in the length-to-width proportion of Garmkhaneh plans. The dominant pattern across both components is the square proportion (1:1 ratio), particularly evident in the dimensions of length versus width. This suggests a consistent geometric logic underpinning the spatial organization of Qajar baths in Qazvin, affirming the enduring role of structured proportion in Persian architectural heritage. 1781 General Explaining the Impact of Residential Fabric’s Physical Pattern on the Elderly’s Sense of Vitality (Case Study: Danial Nabi and Ensejam Neighborhoods, Qom) Hayaty Hamed g Ghorbani Ehsan h g Department of Architecture, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. h Department of Architecture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 65 86 14 10 2024 06 04 2025 Residential environments, as providers of diverse human needs and one of architecture’s most human-centered concerns, are fundamental in shaping the elderly’s sense of vitality, which underpins their health, tranquility, and self-actualization. Given housing’s direct and sustained interaction with this demographic, it has become a central focus of architectural and urban planning discourse since the late 20th century. This study addresses the decline in vitality among the elderly within the physical patterns of residential fabric in contemporary Iranian cities. Its primary research question is: “What is the relationship between the physical structure of residential fabrics and the elderly’s sense of vitality?” This applied research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing a mixed-methods approach for data collection. A correlational design was implemented, with data analyzed using SPSS software. Data were gathered through literature review and field surveys (questionnaires) administered to 290 elderly residents in two Qom neighborhoods: one with a villa-based fabric and the other with an apartment-based fabric. Sampling controlled for the independent variable of physical structure while accounting for covariates such as residents’ physical and psychological condition and length of neighborhood residence. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship (r = 0.728) between the villa-based physical structure and the elderly’s sense of vitality. Conversely, a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.432) was found in the apartment-based fabric, indicating an inverse relationship between apartment living and vitality. Furthermore, a significant difference in mean vitality scores was observed between the Ensejam (1.93) and Danial Nabi (2.02) neighborhoods. The study concludes that a significant relationship exists between the physical structure of residential fabric and the elderly’s sense of vitality in the studied areas. 1787 Definition of Islamic practical and theoretical wisdom in architecture and urbanism Semantic Analysis of Sacred Space and Spiritual Space in the Muslim Home from the Perspective of Islam Ghaffari Farnoosh i poordehghan Hafezeh j Shieh Esmaeil k Nasr Seyyed Hosein l Khakzand Mehdi m i Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin. Iran. j Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin. Iran. k School of Architecture and Urban Studies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. l Department of Religion, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA. m School of Architecture and Urban Studies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 87 102 18 11 2024 05 03 2025 In Islamic thought, sanctity is not confined to formally recognized religious sites; it permeates daily environments, including the home. Sacred and spiritual spaces, though often conflated, constitute distinct conceptual categories that warrant semantic clarification. This article examines the nuanced relationship between these two types of space within Muslim domestic life, addressing two primary questions: How does the concept of sacred space in the home differ from that in formally designated religious places? And what is the conceptual relationship between sacred space and spiritual space in the Muslim home? Employing a qualitative, interpretive-historical methodology, the study draws upon religious texts, traditional practices, and documented examples to analyze the semantic and functional dimensions of these spaces. Findings indicate that sacred space in the home operates under different conditions and rules compared to institutional religious spaces. Key distinctions emerge in areas such as the “fixed versus conditional” nature of sanctity, the behavioral prerequisites for sacredness, and the dynamic between sacred and spiritual dimensions. The research further reveals that spiritual space functions as a precursor to sacred space within the home. Sacred space arises as an outcome of practices rooted in personal spirituality, reflecting a causal relationship in which inner spiritual awareness enables the manifestation of sanctity in the domestic environment. These insights contribute to a clearer theoretical framework for understanding how Islamic principles shape the experience of sacredness in everyday living spaces. 1791 Definition of Islamic practical and theoretical wisdom in architecture and urbanism A Conceptual Framework of Cognitive Propositions in Mosque Architecture Hasanzadeh Mohammadamin n Abdemojiri Amin o n Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. o Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 103 126 13 12 2024 10 04 2025 Mosque architecture is shaped by an interplay of diverse factors—including culture, history, religion, geography, ecology, politics, and economy. Therefore, a mosque cannot be regarded as a uniform or abstract structure, but must be understood as a phenomenological and interpretive entity emerging from the interactions among the architect, users, and environment. This makes the examination and understanding of the mosque’s architectural propositions essential, as it represents one of the most significant architectural, cultural, and identity-related symbols for Muslim communities. This study adopts a fundamental and interdisciplinary research approach. A purposive sample of relevant literature from reputable academic databases (1998–2024) was collected and analyzed. The research first articulates an epistemological system and its associated concepts, drawing on philosophical and mystical sources. Subsequently, through the study and analysis of cognitive propositions related to mosque architecture, categories and elements were identified that contribute to a thematic explanation of mosque architecture grounded in this epistemological system. Data were analyzed using Attride-Stirling’s thematic analysis, leading to the development of a qualitative model after validation of the codings. In the second phase, to validate the qualitative model and produce the final research framework, the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was applied. A questionnaire based on the model was distributed to 395 specialists and experienced architects through simple random sampling; 389 responses were analyzed. The statistical results confirm that all hypothesized relationships and paths in the conceptual model are significant. The findings indicate that the influence of the epistemological system on mosque architecture—and the manifestation of this influence across various architectural elements—results from a multi-layered cognitive interaction. A proper understanding of mosque architecture thus requires attention to all these cognitive layers. In other words, a mosque operates not merely as a place of worship or social gathering, but as a cognitive and interpretive phenomenon. Through analytical and comparative methodologies, this study proposes a paradigm for evaluating and designing mosques based on cognitive layering. 1797 Subject- oriented researches in Islamic architecture and urbanism, eg. Spatial-geometrical ideas, symbols and ornaments Analysis the Golden Ratios in the Formation of Semi-Open Spaces in Safavid-Era Schools of Isfahan Malmir Nazanin p Khorasani Sahar Karahmadi Mehran Habibian Meisam p Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran. Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran. Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran. Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran. 1 6 2025 13 2 127 140 18 01 2025 07 04 2025 The architecture of the Safavid era in Iran, particularly in Isfahan, is renowned for its use of complex geometric patterns and golden ratios, which create harmony and balance in architectural design. Semi-open spaces in the schools of this period, serving as transitional zones between open and enclosed spaces, play a crucial role in establishing both visual and functional connections.  This study aims to analyze the application of golden ratios and geometric proportions in the semi-open spaces of Safavid-era schools. The primary research question focuses on how golden ratios and geometric proportions are utilized in these spaces and which proportions are more prominent in the design of these schools. The research methodology combines both quantitative and qualitative analyses, involving the extraction of floor plans from selected schools, along with precise measurements and analysis of the geometric proportions of the iwans and smaller iwans.  The findings indicate that the semi-open spaces of Safavid schools are predominantly designed based on specific geometric ratios, such as the intersection of regular hexagons, √2 and √3 proportions, and the golden rectangle. Only in the iwan of the “Jadeh-ye-Koochak” school, due to its unique spatial and functional characteristics, these proportions are not observed, highlighting the impact of space functionality on the choice of geometric principles. This space follows a 1:0.9 proportion. The results demonstrate that geometric proportions not only played a significant role in achieving visual and functional balance, but also effectively facilitated the connection between open and enclosed spaces in the design of these schools. These findings may serve as a model for the design of semi-open spaces in contemporary architecture and contribute to the revival of cultural heritage and the use of geometric principles in modern architectural practice.