Explanation of the Structure of the Human Processes based on Islamic Principles (Strategies and Solutions for Creating Art, Architecture and Urbanism) 1 2 To explain the strategic plan to achieve a new Islamic civilization in its various fields and dimensions, a general and scientific structure must be exploited which in accordance with facts of existence from the universe and of human being. This research believes that this general structure along with its entire steps, resources and the foundations of every single one of those steps has been discussed in depth and is infallible based on doctrines of the divine religion of Islam. Yet still, the structure can be achieved, explained and proven from a scientific, rational and divine dimension and can be further explained and analyzed because it entails facts of the universe (signs of existence) and human being (potential and actual talents, will, authority, works and course of descent and rise of human race) can be explained and analyzed. The research method is based on areas and degrees of wisdom (logical reasoning) and quotations (words of God and traditions of the Imams - May peace be upon them) and it is descriptive, exploratory and interpretational. The most significant accomplishment of the research is the explanation of the general structure of human processes, steps and its associated Islamic resources and in particular its bases and principles (strategic-conceptual) and solutions (applicability-practicality) in all steps from the perspective of the Islamic culture. Meanwhile, in each step misguided and incomplete contemporary western practices (modernization and ultra-modernism) are assessed and reviewed. The overall achievements of the research are applicable for all teaching, research and administrative topics and are particularly reliable for exploitation in the fields of art, architecture and urbanism. 1 17 2015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/11 1394/8/20 Abdolhamid Noghrekar Abdolhamid Noghrekar Faculty of Architecture & Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology ایران noghrekar@iust.ac.ir Samaneh Taghdir Samaneh Taghdir Faculty of Architecture & Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology ایران S_taghdir@iust.ac.ir structure human processes creation and Islamic principles 1. Ahsaei, Ibn Abi Jomhur. 1982.Awalli Allali.Qom: Seiiedol Shohada Publications.##2. Horre Ameli,Mohammad hasan. 1997.Vasaelol shia.Tehran:Chapkhaneye Islami Publications.##3. Hasan Zadeh Amoli,Hasan. 1998.One Thousand and One Note, Vol.1&2. Tehran: Raja culture publications.##4. Khosropanah,Abdolhossein, Ghasem Babaei. 2010.The Nature and Religious Science Development from the Point of View of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli.Asra3(2).##5. Shahr Ashub Mazandarani,Mohammad Ali. 1985.Moteshabehol Quran,Vol. 1. Qom: Bidar publications.##6. Ajlouni,Ismaeil Ibn Mohammad. 1987. Kashfol Khafae. Beirut: Darol Kotobel Elmieh.##7. Feyzol Islam, Seyed AliNaghi. 1996.Translation and Description of Nahjolbalagheh.Tehran: Feyzol Islam Publications.##8. Holy Quran. 2005. Qom: Ayeeneye Danesh.##9. Koleynie Razi,Abi Jaefar Mohammad Ibne Ishagh. 1977. Alkafi. Vol. 1. Correction by Ali Akbar Ghafari.Tehran: Darol Kotobel islamyeh.##10. Mjlesi, MohammadBagher. 1983.Bahar al-Anvar, V2. Tehran:Darolketab Islamyeh.##11. Mohaddes nuri,Hossein Ibn MohammadTaghi. 1987.Mostadrekol-Vasael. Vol. 11. Qom: Alulbayt Institution.##12. Motahari,Morteza. 1999.Collection of Motahari, Vol. 20. Tehran:Sadra Publications.##13. Noghrehkar, Abdolhamid. 2008. Introduction to Islamic Identity in Architecture and Urbanism. Tehran: Vezarate Maskan Va Shahrsazi publication##14. Noghrehkar, Abdolhamid. 2014. Human Interact With The Idea of Space and Geometry in Architecture. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications.## ##

Reading and Understanding Continuity and Change in Spatial Organization of Local Houses (Case study: sabzevar city) 1 2 Today, there are a few dozens of historical index houses in the city Sabzevar. Reviews show that up until now, despite the presence of their special characteristics, variety and role, there have not been comprehensive studies about them but through the presence of valuable samples from various historical periods (Teymouri, Safavid, Qajar, Pahlavi), their exposure to destruction through changing the method of living, multiplicity of owners, migration and generally loss of attractions for today's life, reviewing these houses is necessary. Since most of the historical houses in Sabzevar are from the Qajar period, the purpose of this article is to read and recognize Qajari houses. The used research method is combined and the results obtained from the study show that Sabzevar's houses, with architectural specifications such as semi-hot and arid climate, have mostly been made as introvert houses and they can be divided to three types of the first, second and third period based on the features of architectural space, structure and decorations. Discussion of architectural typology has been proposed in some of the European countries since the late 11th century. At first, this topic was treated in a very clichéd way and they reviewed categorization of buildings based on a mutual feature. Another one of methods of categorization at this time was dividing the buildings with mutual feature of their map. This method has many advantages, but unfortunately, by being drawn in one way of thinking, being caught up in a deterministic framework and linking historical process with deterministic materialistic views, they came to conclusion and the result of it is predetermined by considering the mentioned framework whereas in a study, in addition to the overall review, the results shall be obtained after the study and research. Accurate identification and classification of various architectural types can be useful in understanding the space better, protecting it and also in achieving new methods of designing. 18 33 2015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Gholam hosein Memarian Gholam hosein Memarian school of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran university of Science and Technology ایران Seyyed Mahdi Madahi Seyyed Mahdi Madahi school of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran university of Science and Technology ایران Arash Sayyadi Arash Sayyadi Khavaran Institute of Higher Education ایران Houses of the Qajar period Typology Structure Decorations Architectural space 1. Abdolhosseyni, Javad. 2011. Accommodating the Design of Residential Houses of Tabriz and Baku with Vernacular Climate and Culture. Bagh-e Nazar (18): 13-24.##2. Alborzi, Fariba. 2011. From House of Yesterday to Dwellings of Nowadays. In National Conference of Structure, Road, Architectrure, Chaloos.##3. Amin, Ali. 2003. History of Sabzevar. Tehran: Encyclopedia of Iranology.##4. Amin, Seyed Eynali. 2003. History of Sabzevar. Tehran: Iran Studies Encyclopedia.##5. Beyraghdar, Mohammad Ali. 1998. Architectural Design of Rural Houses of Khorasan. Iran Meteorological Organization.##6. Espenany, Abasali. 2010. Climate Cognitive Capabilities of Vernacular Architecture. A Case Study of Kish Island. Peyk-e Nour 2(48).##7. Eynifar, Alireza. 2007. Role of General Basic Patterns on Designing Contemporary Residential Quarters. Honar-haye-Ziba (32): 39-50.##8. Kamalipour, Hesam, Gholamhossein Memarian, Moosavian, Mohsen Faizi, Mohammad Farid. 2012. Formal Classification and Spatial Configuration in Vernacular Housing: A Comparative Study on the Zoning of the Reception Area in Traditional Houses of Kerman Province. Housing and Rural Environment (138): 3-16.##9. Kasmayi, Morteza. 2004. Climate and Architecture. Tehran: Khak.##10. Kermani Moghaddam, Mostafa. 2002. Registry Report of Moslem Residential House of Sabzevar. Khorasan Razavi Administration of Cultural Heritage.##11. Memarian, Gholam Hossein. 1993. Introduction to Iranian Residential Architecture: Introvert Typology. Tehran: Danesh.##12. Okhovat, Hanie, and Mohammadreza Bemanian, and Mojtaba Ansari. 2011. Recognition of Spirtual Concept of Silence in Traditional House of Desert Climates. Journal of Studies on Iranian-Islamic City (5): 95- 102.##13. Qasemi sichani, Maryam. 2010. Typology of Huses in Qajar Era in Isfahan. Hoviat-e-Shahr (7): 87-94.##14. Qasem zade, Masood. 2010. Basic Role of Room in Designing House. Honar-ha-ye-Ziba (41): 40-51.##15. Sheykhal-Eslami, Masoumeh, and Mansoureh Tahbaz. 2006. Solutions of Designing a House Coordinated with the Climate in Hamedan. In Conference of Superior city, Superior design.##16. Sheykhal-Eslami, Masoumeh. 2007. Introducion to Iranian Residential Architecture. Tehran: Nashr-e Danesh.##17. Sheykhal-Eslami, Masoumeh. 2010. Typology of Houses of Qajar Era in Isfahan. Tehran: Hoviat-e-Shahr.##18. Soltanzadeh, Hossein. 1988. An introduction to the Hstory of City and Urbanization in Iran. Tehran: Sepehr printing house.##19. Tohidimanesh, Gholam Reza. 2001. Registry report of Moslem Residential house of Sabzevar. Khorasan Razavi Administration of Cultural Heritage.##20. Tohidimanesh, Gholam Reza. 2002. Registry report of Moslem Residential House of Sabzevar. Khorasan Razavi Administration of Cultural Heritage.## ##

Divine Vision: Islamic Arts and Horizontal Thought 1 1 ندارد 2 Islamic arts are often identified by their abstract compositions based on geometric principles and spiritual concepts. Using artworks from different eras, this paper highlights the presence of a particular model of thought in Islamic arts in which the hierarchy of perspectival vision is abolished. The main argument is based on the ability of some artworks to be looked at from any angle while maintaining a unified meaning and value. This work proposes that such arts possess the principle of horizontality, which can be evaluated much like other more familiar principles of Islamic arts. Through different examples and via simulative research methodology, this paper elaborates how the principle of horizontality is the resultant of an abstract view from above in which the limits of perspectival vision are surpassed in order to communicate meanings of higher order. It is through this distant, parallel vision from above that the artist and his audience re-experience the divine act of creation and their interpretations become components of a sophisticated world of symbols. 34 49 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Seyed Gholamreza Islami Seyed Gholamreza Islami School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran ایران gheslami@ut.ac.ir Niloufar Nikghadam Niloufar Nikghadam Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University ایران n_nikghadam@azad.ac.ir Seyed Yahya Islami Seyed Yahya Islami School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran ایران y.islami@ut.ac.ir Horizontality View from Above Parallel Vision Islamic Arts Geometry 1. Ardalan, Nader, and Lale Bakhtiar. 1973. The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.##2. Burckhardt, Titus. 1967. Perennial Values in Islamic Art. Studies in Comparative Religion 1 (3): 132-141. ©World Wisdom, Inc. www.studiesincomparativereligion.com##3. Burckhardt, Titus. 1976. Art of Islam: Language and Meaning. World of Islam Festival Pub. Co. Translated to Farsi by Msoud Rajabnia. 1986. (Honar-e Eslami: Zaban_o Bayan). Tehran: Sorush Publication.##4. Davidson, Susan. 2005. No Limits Just Edges, Jackson Pollock Paintings on Paper. New York: Guggenheim Museum Publication.##5. Diba, Darab and Mojtaba Ansari. 1995. ”Iranian Garden” (Bagh-e Irani). Bam, First Congress of Iran Architecture and Urbanism History, vol. 2.##6. Ellard, Graham & Stephen Johnstone. 2006. “Anthony Mccall”, Art Interview. Bomb Magazine (97), http:// bombmagazine.org/article/2841/anthony-mccall.##7. Eshragh, Abdol-Hamid. 1970. Masterpieces of Iranian Architecture. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Art and the Society of Iranian Architects.##8. Hojjat, Eesa, 2010, Exercise in Architecture (Mashg-e Memari). Tehran: Tehran University Press.##9. Islami, Seyed Gholamreza, and Niloufar Nikghadam. 2012. Horizontality and Islamic Thought. Honar-ha-ye- Ziba (Honar-ha-ye-Tajassomi 4(48): 5-17.##10. Islami, Seyed Gholamreza, and Mahnoosh Shahinrad. 2012. The Principle of Horizontality in Islamic Architecture. Kimiya-ye-Honar: Advanced Research Institute of Art (ARIA) (2): 41-64.##11. Islami, Seyed Gholamreza. 2013. Lessons on Architectural Theory: Let Us Make Our Own Glasses (Mabani-ye Nazari-ye Memari: Eynakeman Ra khodeman Besazim). Tehran: Elm-e Memar Foundation.##12. Islami, Seyed Yahya. 2014. What is Surficial Thought in Architecture (ARQ), Cambridge University Press 18(1): 39- 46.##13. Jaffe, Hans L.C. 1985. Piet Mondrian. New York: Harry N. Abrahams Inc. Publishers.##14. Krauss, Rosalind. 1997. Horizontality, in Formless: A User’s Guide, by Yve-Alain Bois and Rosalind Krauss. New York: Zone Books.##15. Lucie-Smith, Edward. 2001. Movements in art since 1945. Thames & Hudson, Translated in Farsi by Alireza Samiazar. 2003. Tehran: Nashr-e Nazar.##16. Madadpour, Mohammad. 1995. Manifestation of Spiritual Philosophy in Islamic Architecture (Tajaliyat-e Hekmat-e Manavi Dar Honar-e Eslami). Tehran: Amirkabir Press.##17. Mandalas. 1986. The Encyclopaedia of Religion, Vol. 9. Edited by Mircea Eliade. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company & London, Collier Macmillan Publishers.##18. Mountford, Charles P. 1964. Aboriginal Paintings from Australia, Milano, Collins. UNESCO.##19. Pakbaz, Roueen. 2001. Iranian Painting from Past till Now. Tehran: Zarin va Simin Publication.##20. Pope, Arthur Upham. 1976. Persian Architectuer. Tehran: Soroush Press.##21. Rasouli, Jalil. 2006. The Garden of Heaven (Bagh-e Malakout). Tehran: Jalil Rasouli.##22. Sarkhosh Curtis, Vesta, and Sheila R. Canby. 2006. Persian Love Poetry. London: The British Museum.##23. Saunders, E. Date. 1986. Buddhist Mandalas, the Encyclopaedia of Religion, Vol. 9. Edited by Mircea Eliade. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company & London, Collier Macmillan Publishers.##24. Shayegan, Daryoush. 1975. Idols of the Mind and Perennial Memory (Bot ha-ye zehni va khatereh-ye azali). Tehran: Amirkabir Press.##25. Smith, Dan, 2008. Horizontality: Dan Smith suggests a new reading of Rosalind Krauss. Art Monthly (135).##26.Yujie Julia Li. 2008. In/From the Art of Wenda Gu and Trinh T. Minh-Ha, Toward a Transnational Model of Art Education, A Dissertation in Art Education. The Pennsylvania State University, College of Arts and Architecture.## ##

An analytic overview on the rise of cyber spaces and the Islamic Society: An urban challenge or natural transition of cities? 1 2 Moving toward third millennium is characterized by capabilities in transforming human life. Specially, development of information technologies in everyday life lead to great changes in communication tools andour current understanding ofurban social life. Indeed, telecommunications because of independency from time—space constraints, provide a new unlimited space for social interactions in global scale. Now, this development in Islamic societies is remarkable, because Islam has many detailed rules in social relations. So, in this situation studying and exploring social and cultural dynamics in cyber environments and its implications for physical cities is a key task of urban planners in Islamic communities to sustain and develop these cities. In this research, first of all we reviewed some of the basic concepts of social life from Islamic view. We explored the reflection of these rules in Islamic cities and spatial aspect. After that, for each concept, we explored the potential implications of Information technology for Islamic society in the information age. The results showed that Islamic cities are reconstructed as complex amalgam of electronic spaces and urban places,in which, Information Technology has dual impacts on the city: in one hand, a potential for more social interactions, sharing ideas and promoting social integration and in the other hand, encourage the polarization of society, dispersed social relations etc. This indicates only a few parts of complexities in this area and the necessitiesin rethinking Islamic city in the age of digital communications. 50 65 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Reza Kheyroddin Reza Kheyroddin Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental design, IUST (IranUniversity of Science and Technology ایران reza_kheyroddin@iust.ac.ir Omid Khazaeian Omid Khazaeian IUST (Iran University of Science and Technology) ایران Omid_khazaeian@arch.iust.ac.ir Islamic city social life Islamic culture Islamic rules telecommunications cyber spaces. 1. Abdulbaqi, Mohammed Fouad. 1986.’al-Mo‘jam ’al-Mofahras l’alfaΩ ’al-Qur’an ’al-Kari¯m (The Index Dictionary of the Words of the Holy Qur’an). Cairo: Dar ’al-Fikr.##2. Abdul Aziz Aba Al-Khail.1989. Al-Ketåb wå-l-Sunnah Asas Ta‘weel al-‘Imaråal- ’Islamiah (The Qur’an and Sunnah as a Base for the Interpretation of Islamic Architecture), Vol. 1. Riyadh: Najd Commercial Printing Press Co.##3. Abler, R. 1974.The Telephone and the Evolution of the American Metropolitan System. in I. de Sola Pool (ed.).The Social Impact of the Telephone: 318-341. London: MIT Press.##4. Akbar, Jamel. 1989. Khatta and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns. in Oleg Grabar (ed.).Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 6. E. J. Brill. Leiden.##5. Akbar, Jamel.1989. Law and the Environment in the Middle East.Open House International 14 (2).##6. Akbar, Jamel . 1988.Crisis in the Built Environment: The Case of the Muslim City.Singapore: Concept Media.##7. Akbar, Jamel.1980.Support for Courtyard Houses,Riyadh. Saudi Arabia. Unpublished Master’s Thesis.Cambridge, Massachusetts,Massachusetts Institute of Technology.##8. Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. 1989.The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary.Brentwood: Amana Corporation.##9. Amoli, J., Ayatollah .1391.Mafatih- al- Hayat.Tehran: Osara.##10. Arkoun, Mohammed.1989.Muslim Character: The Essential and Changeable’. in Ismail Serageldin (ed.). Space for Freedom: The Search for Architectural Excellence in Muslim Societies. London: Butterworth Architecture.##11. Bianca, Stefano. 2000.Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present.London.Thames andHudson.##12. Bianca, S. 1981.Traditional Muslim Cities and Western Planning Ideology: An Outline of Structural Conflicts. The Arab City: Its Character and Islamic Cultural Heritage. Proceedings of a Symposium,Edited by I. Serageldin and S. Elsadek.Medina..##13. Calhoun, C. 1986.Computer Technology, Large-Scale Social Integration and the Local Community.Urban Affairs22(2). 329–349.##14. Castells, M.2010. The Rise of the Network Society. London:Wiley-Blackwell.##15. Draz, M. A.1984. ‘Compilation of the Qur’an’. in M. Tariq Quraishi (ed.) Islam: A Way of Life and a Movement. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications.##16. Giddens, A. 1990.The Consequences of Modernity. Oxford: Polity Press.##17. Gillespie, A, and H. Williams. 1988.Telecommunications and the Reconstruction of Regional Comparative Advantage’.Environment and Planning(A 20):1311–1321.##18. Graham, S, and S.Marvin. 2004. Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces and Urban Places. London and New York: Routledge.##19. Graves, J. 1986. Liberating Technology:Steps Towards a Benevolent Society. London:Peter Owen.##20. Healey, P, and S. Cameron, S. Davoudi, S. Graham, and A. Madani-Pour.1995 Managing Cities: The New Urban Context. London: Belhaven.##21. Holland, Muhtar.1988.The Duties of Brotherhood in Islam. translation of the Ihyå ’ of Imåm Al-Ghazåli¯. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.##22. Jamel Akbar.1988. ‘Khatta and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns’. Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture.Edited by Oleg Grabar. Vol. 6. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 1989. p. 26. Also Jamel Akbar. Crisis in the Built Environment: The Case of the Muslim City. Singapore: Concept Media Pte Ltd.##23. Kheyroddin, R. and Khazaeian, O. 2014.The Evaluation of the Role of Telecommunications in Inter-urban Relations in Iran.Thesis Submitted for Master Degree.Tehran.Iran University of Science and Technology.##24. Kitchin, R. and M. Dodge.2000.Mapping Cyberspace.London and New York: Routledge.##25. Marvin. Simon .1997. Environmental Flows. Futures (29): 1.##26. Moores, S. 1993.Satelite TV as Cultural Sign: Consumption, Embedding and Articulation. Media, Culture and Society.##27. Mulgan. 1991.Communication and Control: Networks and the New Economies of Communication. Oxford: Polity Press.##28. Mortada, Hisham.2003.Traditional Islamic Principles of Built Environment. New York and London: Routledgecurzon.##29. M. Tariq Quraishi.1984. Islam: A Way of Life and a Movement. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication.##30. Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul Al-‘La. 1984. Islam: Its Meaning and Message. in M. Tariq Quraishi (ed.).Islam: A Way of Life and a Movement. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication.##31. _________________________.1986 a.The Islamic Way of Life.Edited by Khurshid Ahmad and Khurram Murad. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.##32. _________________________.1986 b.Witnesses unto Mankind: The Purpose and Duty of the Muslim Ummah. Edited by Khurram Murad. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.##33. _________________________.1990.Human Rights in Islam. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation.##34. Noe, Samuel.1980. In Search of Traditional Islamic City: An Analytical Proposal with Lahore as a Case-Example. Ekistics 47 (280).##35. Mokhtarian, PL,S.L. Handy and I.Saloman. 1994.Methodological Issues in the Dstimation of the Travel, Energy, and Air Quality Impacts of Telecommuting. Transportation Research A.##36. Mingione, E. 1991.Fragmented Societies: Sociology of Economic Life Beyond the Market Paradigm. Oxford: Blackwell.##37. Murdock, G. and Golding, P. 1989. ‘Information poverty and political inequality: citizenship in an age of privatized communication’. Journal of Communication. 39(3).##38. Massey, D. 1993. Power-geometry and a Progressive Sanse of Place. in J.Bird, B.Curtis. T.Putnam, G.Robertson and L.Tickner.Mapping The Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change: 59–69. London: Routledge.##39. Nowotny, H. 1982.The Information Society: its Impact on the Home, Local Community and Marginal Groups. in H.Bjorn Andersen, M.Earl. O.Holst and E.Mumford (eds).Information Society, For Richer, For Poorer. North Holland: Elsevier.##40. Pedersen, F. 1982.Power and Participation in an Information Society: Perspectives. in K. Grewlich and F.Pedersen (eds).Power and Participation in an Information Society, 249-289. Brussels. European Commission.##41. Putnam, T. 1993.Beyond the Modern Home: Shifting the Parameters of Residence. in J. Bird, B.Curtis, T.Putnam, G.Robertson and L.Tickner.Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, 150-168. London: Routledge.##42. Robins, K, and M. Hepworth. 1988.ElectronicSpaces: New Technologies and theFuture of Cities,155–176. Futures.April.##43. Richardson, R. 1994a. Telebased Customer Services’. Communicore.Newsletter of Newcastle PICT Centre (2).##44. Silverstone, R. 1994.Domesticating the Revolution—Information and Communications Technologies and Everyday Life. in R.Mansell (ed.).Management of Information and Communication Technologies, 221-233. London: Aslib.##45. 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Paraphrasing the meaning of physical environment comparative examining of audience-oriented, author-oriented and text-oriented (Islamic) approaches 1 2 Discussions derived from epistemology and its sub-branches are of the most important theoretical grounds affecting theoretical basis of art schools in particular architecture styles. During recent decades, two approaches of epistemology have been reciprocally shaped to know how one can paraphrase the meaning of physical environment. In the first approach, the audience and his knowledge are main foundations in the process of perception and cognition of environmental meaning. However, there is audience meaning nobility in this approach and therefore, all meanings are considered convincing and neither can be granted as final meaning of environment. So it can be called "Audience-Oriented" approach. While the second approach, has a perceptible reality in the final meaning of environment that should be received during a firm process. Accordingly, it is not impossible to discover the intention of environment architect by reviewing his work and (only the meaning which accords with this intention is considered convincing) the only meaning that accords with this intention is considered convincing. So, this approach can be called "Author-Oriented". In addition to comparative analogy between two above-said (these two) approaches, this study clarifies a third one that makes its cognitive base on Islamic (thoughts) teachings. According to this new approach, the main foundation of the process of environmental meaning paraphrase is the physical environment (or text) and so it can be called "Text-Oriented". In order to explain and collate the triple approaches, the present study (this research) uses archival research while enjoying, simultaneously, the logical argumentation research to arrange data resulted from archival studies. 66 80 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Mohammad Manan Raeesi Mohammad Mannan Raeesi Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science & Technology ایران raeesi@iust.ac.ir epistemology hermeneutic environmental meaning paraphrasing process 1- The holy Quran.##2- Adorno, Theodor W. 2004. Aesthetic Theory. Translator: Robert Hullot-Kentor. London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.##3- Ahmadi, Babak. 1999. Creature and freedom: Hermeneutic and aesthetics queries. Tehran: Center press.##4- Ahmadi, Babak. 1993. From pictorial sings to text. Tehran: Center press.##5- Ahmadi, Babak. 2002. The structure and paraphrase of text. Tehran: Center press.##6- Amoli Larijani, Sadegh. 1998. Modern interpretations criticism of Islamic sources. Gabasat journal. (3): 95-103.##7- A’vani, Reza. 1997. Wisdom and spiritual Art. Tehran: Garoos press.##8- Ayatollahi, Hamidreza. 2009. Study of hermeneutical perspectives in different realms of understanding. Farhangestan- e honar journal. (11): 44- 57.##9- Bahreiny, Seyyed Hosein. 2007. The process of urban Design. Tehran: Tehran university press.##10- Barati, Naser. 2004. Language, thought & space, an introduction to views after modernism to environment. Tehran: Municipalities organization press.##11- Barthes, Roland. 1998. Image, Music,Text. London: Fontana.##12- Barthes, Roland. 1990. S/Z. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers.##13- Bowers, John. 2009. An introduction to two-dimensional design. Translator: Keivan Jurabchi. Tehran: Rowzaneh press.##14- Bressler, Charles. 2007. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.##15- Broadbent, Geoffrey. 1991. Deconstruction: A Student Guide. London: Academy editions.##16- Buthler, Judith. 1999. Gender, Trouble, Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge.##17- Carroll, Lewis. 1983. Complete works. London: Chancellor Press.##18- Chandler, Daniel. 2007. Semiotics:The Basics. London & New York: Routledge.##19- Culler, Jonathan. 1981. The Pursuit of Sings. London: Routledge.##20- Curtis, William. 2007. Cubism, Destyle, & new concepts of space. Translator: Saeid Moosavi. Eskan magazine, No Bahman 85: 41-47.##21- Derrida, Jacques. 1979. “Living on” in Deconstruction and criticism. New York: The Continuum Publishing Company.##22- Eagleton, Terry. 1983. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.##23- Eco, Umberto. 1994. The limits of interpretation. Indiana University Press.##24- Eisenman, Peter. 1998. “In Terror Firma: In Trails of Grotextes,” Form, Being, Absence/Architecture and Philosophy. Pratt Journal of Architecture (2). New York: Rizzoli. pp. 111–121.##25- Flaubert, Gustave. 1993. The Correspondence. Translator: Francis Steegmuller & Barbara Bray. New York: Knopt.##26- Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1977. Philosophical Hermeneutics. Translator: D.E.Linge. Berkeley: University of California Press.##27- Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1986. The Idea of Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy. Translator: Christopher Smith. New Haven: Yale University Press.##28- Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1989. Truth and Method. Translator: J.Weinsheimer and D.G.Marshall. New York: Crossroad.##29- Gombrich, Ernest. 1972. Symbolic Images. Edinburgh: Phaidon.##30- Groat, Linda & David Wang. 2008. Architectural research methods. Translator: Alireza Eynifar. Tehran: Tehran university press.##31- Grutter, Jorg Kurt. 2010. Aesthetics in Architecture. Translators: Jahanshah Pakzad & Abd-al-Reza Homayon. Tehran: Behesthi university press.##32- Hakim, Negar. 2003. Contextual Architecture and its pioneers. Architect magazine, (20): 4-7.##33- Hirsch jr, Eric Donald. 1976. The Aims of Interpretation. University of Chicago press.##34- Hirsch jr, Eric Donald. 1967. Validity in interpretation. Yale University press.##35- Holub, Robert. 2005. Jurgen Habermars; critic in the public sphere. Translator: Hosein Boshrie. Tehran: Ney press.##36- Hoseinzadeh, Mohammad. 2007. Religious episteme Foundations. Qom: Imam Khomeini institution press.##37- Ibrahimi Dinani , Gholam hossein. 2001. Adventure of philosophic thought in Islam world. Volume 3. Tehran: New design press.##38- Javadi Amoli, Abdollah. 2003. Hadj wine. Qom: Asra press.##39- Javadi Amoli, Abdollah. 2008. Religion in cognition mirror. Qom: Asra press.##40- Johanson, Jorgen Dines & Svend Erik Larsen. 2002. Signs in use. London: Routledge.##41- Kachueian, Hosein. 2003. Readability of religious texts, A way To skepticism and nihilism. Naqd book journal, (23): 3-14.##42- Khomeini, Ruhollah. 2009. Forty Hadiths explanation. Tehran: Imam Khomeini institution press.##43- Kress, Gunther & Van Leeuwen. 1996. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Designs. London: Routledge.##44- Lash, Scott. 1990. Sociology of Postmodernism. London: Routledge.##45- Lynch, Kevin. 1984. Good city form. Cambridge: MIT press.##46-Lynch, Kevin, 1960. The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT press.##47- Mahmoodi-nejad, Hadi. 2010. Space and place in urban design. Tehran: Helle tahan press.##48- Majlesi, Mohamma taghi. 1982. Bahar-al-Anvar. Volume1. Beirut: Vafa press.##49- Meshkini, Ali. 1985. Mavaez- al- Adadieh. Qom: Alhadi press.##50- Motahhari, Morteza. 2006. Perfect human. Tehran: Sadra press.##51- Naghizadeh, Mohammad. 2008. Perception of beauty and identity of city in the light of Islamic thought. Isfahan: Recreational and cultural organization of Isfahan municipality.##52- Naghizadeh, Mohammad & Behnaz Aminzadeh. 2001. Relation between meaning & appearance in explaining the art foundations. Fine arts magazine. (8): 16-32.##53- Nasr, Seyyed hosein. 2010. In Search of the Sacred. Praeger##54- Nasr, Seyyed hosein. 1987. Islamic art and spirituality. London and Albany: SUNY press.##55- Nesbitt, Kate. 1996. Theorizing a new agenda for architecture: an anthology of architectural theory, 1965- 1995. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.##56- Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1968. The will to power. Translator: Walter Kaufmann. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.##57- Noghrekar, Abdolhamid. 2009. An introduction to Islamic identity in architecture & urbanism. Tehran: Payam-e sima press.##58- Noghrekar, Abdolhamid. 2011. Theorizing Treatise. Tehran: Iran university of science & technology.##59- Norberg-Schulz, Christian. 2008. Meaning in western architecture. 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A Comparison of thermal comfort in traditional and modern Bazaar from direct solar radiation perspective, Using questionnaire and Ecotect simulation – A case of Shiraz in Iran 1 2 Since the energy consumption has become one of the crisis of modern buildings, modeling the Iranian past architecture patterns could be helpful. The shopping streets as one of the main sectors consuming energy locate near the open spaces it seems, therefore, they need more thermal comfort. However, using passive techniques, the Iranian traditional bazaars architecture solved the problems regarding thermal comfort. The present inquiry aimed at investigating thermal comfort of traditional and modern commercial buildings from the perspective of solar radiation to compare traditional structures (with traditional design and materials) with modern ones (with modern design and materials). Therefore, Vakil (traditional) and Mollasadra (modern) Bazaars (with the same orientation), located in Shiraz with a semi-arid climate, have been chosen. Vakil bazaar situated in historical context of city and Mollasadra situated in the first modern part built in 1980. A naturalistic approach was applied to investigate the relation between shadow on surfaces, shopping load and cooling needed in summer and the relation between the solar radiation on surfaces, shopping load and heating load in winter first, a number of questionnaires were used to survey 120 samples including both customers and shopkeepers to show the relation between shopping load and cooling or heating need second, Ecotect Analysis 2011 was employed to simulate surfaces with shadow and solar direct radiation in winter and summer to evaluate the relation between the surfaces received shadow and heating or cooling need. The results showed that along with a full shade in summer, the customers of Vakil Bazaar are interested to do shopping almost in all hours since there is no obtrusive solar radiation in contrast, customers of Mollasadra Street experienced a shadow from sunrise to 11:00 in summer morning thus 73.3% of customers in Mollasadra made complaints about the existing shadow since there is no shade in crowded shopping hours and points especially in summer afternoon furthermore, 93.3% of shopkeepers in Mollasadra used cooling and heating equipment which demonstrate congruently of orientation and quality in sunshades with climate. At the end, some suggestions regarding the mentioned problem in Mollasadra have been proposed. 81 93 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Zahra Barzegar Zahra Barzegar Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University (PNU) ایران zahrabarzegar86@yahoo.com Maryam Rasaeipoor Maryam Rasaeipoor Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University ایران Heydar Jahan Bakhsh Heydar Jahan Bakhsh Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University (PNU) ایران Thermal Comfort Solar Radiation Urban Spaces Commercial building Shiraz. 1- Afshari, Hoda and Taghvai, Aliakbar. 2014. Guidelines for Designing Residential buildings in Harmony with the Climate of Khorramshahr. Geographic Space 13: 71-102 (In Persian).##2- ASHRAE Standard, 2011. Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Applications. ASHRAE research.##3- Barzegar, Zahra and Heidari, Shahin. 2013. Investigation of the Effects of Building Envelopes Received Solar Radiation on Residential Energy Consumption: A Case of SW and SE and SE Orientation in Shiraz. Honar-ha-yeziba Memari-va-Shahrsazi 18: 45-56 (In Persian).##4- Barzegar, Zahra and Mirshamsi, Mahboube. 2014. Drawing the Timetable of Climatic Need by Means of Determining the Olgyay Method Thermal Comfort Zone in Shiraz Semi Arid Climate in Iran, In ICSAUD 2014: International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design to be held in Istanbul, Turkey, July, 30-31.##5- Barzegar, Zahra and Mofidi Shemirani, Seyyed Majid. 2010. Utilization of Earth Mass in World Vernacular Architecture: As a Technique of Passive Cooling in the Buildings. Bagh-E-Nazar 7: 13-26 (In Persian).##6- Fanger, P. O. Ipsen, B. M. Langkide, G. Olesen, B. W. Christensen N. K. and Tanabe, S. 1985. Comfort Limits for Asymmetric Thermal Radiation. Energy and Buildings 8, 225 – 236.##7- Ghiabaklo, Zahra. 2002. 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Joghrafiya va Tose-e-ye nahiyei 20: 197-216 (In Persian).##14- Heijs, W. 1993. The dependent variable in thermal comfort research: some psychological considerations, Thermal Comfort: Past, Present and Future. In Proceedings of a conference held at the Building Research Establishment. Garston, 9-10 June 1993, 40-51.##15- Henson, J. L. M. 1990. Literature Review on Thermal Comfort in Transient Conditions. Building and Environment 25: 309-316.##16- Kasmai, Morteza. 2008. Climate and Architecture. Esfahan: Khak (In Persian).##17- Mahdavinezhad, Mohammad Javad and Javanmardi, Kavan. 2011. Comparative Study of the Effect of Airflow in Two Kinds of Wind Tower of Yazd and Kerman. Honar-ha-ye-ziba Memari-va-Shahrsazi 48: 69-79 (In Persian).##18- Mazidi, Mohsen. and Mazidi, Mohammad. 2008. The Numerical Analysis of Performance of Wind Towers as Passive Cooling Systems in Hot, Arid Regions. Iranian Journal of Energy 11: 39-46 (In Persian).##19- McIntyre, D. A. 1982. Chamber studies- reduction ad absurdum. Energy and Buildings 5: 89-96.##20- Monshizadeh, Rahmatollah and Hosseini, Ebrahim and Ojagh, Aghil and Shabani, Hamideh. 2012. Thermal Comfort and its Effect on Height of Buildings in Microclimate of Urban Spaces. Geographical Journal of Environmental Bases Territorial Planning 20: 109-126 (In Persian).##21- Nasr, Tahereh. 2008. An Essay on Architecture and Urban Design of Zand Period. Shiraz: Navid (In Persian). Nicol, J. F. and Humphreys, M. A. 2002. Adaptive Thermal Comfort and Sustainable Thermal Standards for Buildings. Energy and Buildings 34: 563-572.##22- Olgyay, V. 1987. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, Princeton.##23- Sadeghi Ravesh, Mohammad Hasan and Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mahdi. 2009. Estimating Thermal Comfort in Dry Climate. Hoviat shahr 3: 39-46 (In Persian).##24- Tahbaz, Mansoreh. 2007. Designing of Shadow in Open Space. Honar-ha-ye-ziba 31: 27-38 (In Persian## ##

Analyzing the geometry of Iranian Islamic gardens based on the Quran’s characteristics of paradise 1 1 ندارد 2 Iranian Islamic gardens like almost every cultures, represent beauty and happiness and improve the public perception. It has also special geometry with philosophical concept related to Islam’s doctrine that is the focus of this research. Following Quran’s contents, paradise is a beautiful sophisticated garden that something flows under its trees. So the comparison between the somatic geometry of Iranian Islamic gardens and the sophisticated conceptual heavenly descriptions of paradise in Quran is the matter of this research. Thus the configurations of the geometry, based on the paths of rivulets and airflow patterns in the gardens are considered here. The research method is interdisciplinary: in the first step, after initial considerations and exploring, the principals of Iranian Islamic garden’s geometry were extracted by a comparative - descriptive method in some selected case studies. The construction of paradise in Quran frames the trajectory of analysis so the next step is analyzing the paths and geometries with a consequential analytical method. Some simulations of the inner wind are presented also. The simulations include a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to illustrate the airflow current in this geometry. The results demonstrate the physical imagination of Quran’s perception of paradise in Iranian Islamic gardens and the flows under the trees that is framed in a heavenly geometry. 94 113 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Omid Rahaei Omid Rahaei Shahid Rajaei Teacher Training University ایران o.rahaei@srttu.edu Iranian Islamic gardens geometry paradise Quran flows. 1. Ansary, M. et al. 2009. Rehabilitation of Iranian Gardens by Using Islamic Doctrine, Sciences and Technology of Environment 11(3): 781-809.##2. Ansari, M., and A.A. Taghvaee. 2008. Cultural Beliefs Regarding Persian Gardens with the Emphasis on Water and Trees. African and Asian Studies (7): 101-124.##3. Behbahani, H. 2006. Iranian Garden: A Place of Coexistence: City-Nature- Landscape, paper Presented on Environmental Science.##4. Daneshdost, Y. 2000. Tabas Gardens. Tehran: Sorosh Publication.##5. Dehkhoda, A. A. 1956. Dehkhoda Dictionary. Tehran: Tehran University.##6. Faruqi. 2002. The Cultural Atlas of Islam. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University Press.##7. Ghali, K., N. Ghaddar and M. Ayoub. 2007. Chilled Ceiling and Displacement Ventilation System for Energy Saving: a Case Study. International Journal of Energy Research (31): 743–759.##8. Haghighat bin, M. et al. 2012. Innovations in the Charbagh Axis of the Safavid Period. International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning (22) 2: 79-91.##9. Hamzenejad, M. et al. 2014. A Comparative Study of Iranian Gardens in Sassanid and Islamic Period based on Heavenly Descriptions. Journal of Architecture Studies (5): 57-79.##10. Hussein, M., and B.E. Lee. 1980. An Investigation of Wind Forces on Three Dimensional Roughness Elements in a Simulated Atmospheric Boundary Layer. BS 55, Department of Building Science, University of Sheffield, UK.##11. Islamic Encyclopedia. 2002.##12. Isma’il R. Al Faruqi and Lois L. Faruqi. 1986. The Cultural Atlas of Islam. New York: Macmilln Publishing Company.##13. Jeyhani, H., and S. Mansouri. 2012. Retrieving the Spatial Structure and Form of Bagh-i Ferdows in Shemiran. Maremat-e Asar & Baft-haye Tarikhi-Farhangi (3): 63-108.##14. Kiani, M. 2004. Iranian Architecture During the Islamic Period. Tehran: Tehran Publishers.##15. King, R. 1979. The Quest for Paradise: A History of the World’s Gardens. New York: May Flower.##16. Knoll, B., J.C. Phaff, and W.F. de Gids. 1995. Pressure Simulation Program. In Proceedings of the 16th AIVC Conference, Vol. 233–242. Palm Springs, USA, September.##17. Labibzade, R. et al. 2011. Influence of Ideas and Ideals on Persian Garden Structures. Bagh-e-Nazar (19): 75-88.##18. Loomans, M. and F. van Mook. 1995. Survey on Measuring Indoor Airflows FAGO, Report 95.25. W., Eindhoven University of technology Sweden.##19. Mansouri, S. 2010. Quad Gardens, translation of sacred beliefs. Soffeh (48): 6.##20. Masoodi, A. 2008. Iranian Garden. Iran: Nashre Faza Publication.##21. Novoselac, A. and J. Srebric. 2002. A Critical Review on the Performance and Design of Combined Cooled Ceilings and Displacement Ventilation Systems. Energy and Building (34): 497–509.##22. Penelope, H. 2001. Gardens of Persia. UK: Cassel Illustrated.##23. Pirnia, M.K. 1994. Iranian Gardens. Abadi 4(17): 67-74.##24. Rahaei, O. 2014. Effects of Architectural Somatic Variables on Mixed Air Conditioning Systems’ Efficiency in Industrial Buildings. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development (12): 69-81.##25. Sajadzadeh, H. 2000. Japanese Garden and Comparative between another Gardening. Tehran: Fanavaran Publishing.##26. Shahcheraghi, A. 1383. The Paradox of the Persian Garden. Memar (27): 107-112.##27. Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom. 1991. Introduction to Images of Paradise in Islamic Art, ed. Hanover: 11.##28. Soltanzade, H. 2003. From Garden to Park. Name-ye Ensanshenasi (4): 91-113.##29. Tabatabaei, S.M.H. 1387. Tafsir al-Mizan. Tehran: Shahed Ltd.##30. Talkhoncheh, N. D. and Sichani, M. G. 2014. Recognizing the Physical Role and Impact of Iranian Garden on Iranian Arts, MAGNT Research Report (ISSN. 1444-8939), Vol.2 (Special Issue): 32-44##31. Walter B. Denny. 1991. Reflections of Paradise in Islamic Art. In Images of Paradise in Islamic Art, ed. Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom. Hanover: p. 33.##32. Xenophon. 2007. The Economist (Oeconomicus). Translation by H.G. Dakyns. (Academy Reading Room, available at: http://evansexperientialism. freewebspace.com/xenophon_economist.htm (accessed date: 20 February 2010).##33. Zamani, E. et al. 2009. Recognition and Analyses of the Persian Gardens` Elements with Respect to Ethical Principles. Bagh-e-Nazar (11): 25-38.## ##

Recognition of the impacts of consecration culture on the social-physical frame of urban neighborhoods (Case study: Neighborhoods of district 12 of Tehran) 1 2 Looking at the structure of the cities, especially older parts of the city, it is seen that most of the urban public parts and elements are constructed not with any reliance on state resources and credits, but based on the consecration systems and public investments. Added to the sublime religious, social and economic values latent in the consecration culture, its impact in creating identity and sense of attachment to urban places is also notable. It seems that the effect of creating identities that the consecrated places create in the social-physical frame of the cities, can today be stressed upon as a proper response to the shortcomings of the citizens' social relations and lack of the sense of belonging to the city. The main aim of this study is to recognize the role of consecrated elements in the social-physical identification in urban neighborhoods on the one hand and to determine the effects of this valuable culture in reinforcing social interactions and improving the sense of belonging to the physical spaces of the cities, on the other hand. The research method of this study includes two stages: the first was implemented with a descriptive-analytic method and was based on library sources that provide the theoretical framework of the study and the second stage that was incorporated with the survey method, using questionnaires, which were distributed among the residents of district 12 neighborhoods of Tehran. The results indicate that the consecrated places, because of their unique characteristics in the city's social-physical frame, have effectively caused the firmness of identity and consistency in urban life in these neighborhoods. 114 130 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 2015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 Mitra Ghafourian Mitra Ghafourian Architectural College of Science and Technology University ایران ghafourian_m@iust.ac.ir Elham Hesari Elham Hesari Architectural College of Science and Technology University ایران elham.hessary@gmail.com Mina PeySokhan Mina PeySokhan Architectural College of Science and Technology University ایران mpeysokhan@gmail.com consecration identity social-physical frame neighborhoods 1. Aghayarihir, Tavakkol. 2012. Advanced Statistics in the Social Sciences by Using SPSS Land lisrel. Tabriz: Tabriz University Press.##2. Akhtarshahr, Ali. 2007. The Elements of Religious Social Identity of the Student. Islamic University Journal 11 (3): 9-19.##3. Alkabisi, Mohammad Obeid. 1985. Consecration in Islamic Law: Juridical, Legal and Judicial. Tehran: Department of Religious Affairs.##4. Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi, and Parsa Arbab. 2008. The Challenge of Identity in New Cities. Journal of Seven Cities (26/25):148-157.##5. Baft-e-Shahr Consulting Engineers. 2010. Tehran Detailed Plan.##6. Bagheri, Ashraf Sadat. 2007. Cities of Islamic Culture Territory. Tehran: AmirKabir Publication.##7. Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim. 1978. Safavid Politics and Economics. Tehran: Safi Alishah Publication.##8. Beini, Shams Al-din Mohammad ebn Ahmad KhatibShafei. 1895. Moghanni Al- Mohtaj. Beirut: Dar al-Ehya al-Teras al-Arabi Publication.##9. Blunt, Wilfrid. 1966. Isfahan: Pearl of Persia. United Kingdom: Elek.##10. Chavoshian, Hasan, and Yousef Abazari. 2002. Social Class and Lifestyle- a New Approach in the Sociological Analysis of Social Identity. Letter of Social Sciences Journal (20): 3-27.##11. Ehlers, Eckart. 1995. Religious Endowment and Islamic East City. Translated by Mostafa Momeni and Mohammad Hassan Zia Tavana. Journal of Immortal Heritage (10).##12. Ghadiri, Bahram. 1990. Revival the Culture of Devotion with the Aim of Facilitate Life in the Complex. Soffeh (1).##13. Ghasemi, Vahid, and SomayehNegini. 2010. The Effect of Social Identity on the Local Context, with an Emphasis on Neighborhood Identity in Isfahan. Journal of Urban and Regional Research and Studies (7): 112-126.##14. Haji DehAbadi, MohammadAli. 2009. Consecration Role in the Prevention of Crime and Victimization. Journal of Islamic Law 6 (22).##15. Harold Vreeland, Herbert, and Clifford R. Barnett. 1957. Iran. Tehran: Human Publication.##16. Hendi, Mottaghi ebn Hessam Al-din. 1989. Kanz Al-Amal. Beirut: Moseseh Al- Resaleh.##17. Hooglund, Eric James. 1982. Land and Revolution in Iran, 1960-1980. USA: University of Texas Press.##18. Hudseni, Hadineh. 2005. Improving the Spatial Structure of Urban Areas. Urban Planning Master’s Thesis. Faculty of Arts. University of Tarbiat Modarres.##19. Kalantari KhalilAbad, Hossein, Seyyed Ahmad Salehi, and Ghahraman Rostami. 2010. Historical Role of Consecration in the formation of the Islamic cities (Case Study: Isfahan). Journal of Studies in Iranian-Islamic Cities (1): 33-43.##20. Keshtkar Ghalati, Ahmad Reza, Mohammadreza PourJafar, and Aliakbar Taghvaei. 2009. Strategies to Reduce the Harmful Effects of Transport on Existing Values in Residential Neighborhoods. Civil International Journal (67).##21. Lewicka, Maria. 2008. Place Attachment, Place Identity, and Place Memory; Restoring the Forgotten City Past. Journal of Environmental Psychology (28): 209-231##22. Lynch, Kevin. 2002. A Theory of Good City Form. USA: MIT Press.##23. Mead, George Herbert. 1964. Selected Writings (a cura di) A. Indianapolis: WreckBobbs- Merril.##24. Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammadtaghi. 2005. Ethics in the Quran. Vol. 3. Qom: Imam Khomeini Publication.##25. Meshkini, Abolfazl and Parisa Hojimalayeri. 2008. The Impact of the Religious Worldview in the Creation of Urban Spaces (Case Study: the City of Malayer). Article in the Proceedings of Consecration and Islamic Civilization. Vol 3. Tehran: Osveh Publication.##26. Mirmoghtadaei, Mahta. 2004. Criteriato Determine the Physical Identity of Cities. Journal of Fine Arts (19): 29-38.##27. Mohaghegh Helli, Jafar ibne Hasan. 1981. Sharaye Al-Eslam Al-Halal va Al-Haram. Tehran: Esteghlal Publication.##28. Official website of Tehran Municipal.##29. Pion. 2000. Environment and Planning. London: Pion Ltd.##30. Shahabi, AliAkbar. 1964. The History of Consecration in Islam. Tehran: The General Administration of Religious Affairs Publication.##31. Shahabi, Mohammad Reza. 2004. Consecration Culture in the Planning System of Iran. Conference of Urban Planning, Vol 2, 96-289. Urban Management. Shiraz: Shiraz University.##32. Shah Hosseini, Parvaneh.1998. Endowments in Tehran. Journal of Geographical Research (34).##33. ShahidAval, Mohammad ibne Jamaledin Maleki. 1989. al-lam-e al-Dameshghieh. Ghom: Dar al-Fekr Publication.##34. Simber, Reza. 2008. Consecration and Social Security, Government and Consecration Serve as Civil Society Organizations, Effectiveness and Mutual Influences in Security. Article in the Proceedings of Consecration and Islamic Civilization. Vol. 3. Tehran: Osveh Publication.##35. Tajfel, Henry. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge: University Press.##36. Trancik, Roger. 1986. Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. USA: John Wiley and Sons.##37. Vahida, Fereidoon, and Somayeh Negini. 2012. Construct and Validate a Scale of Neighborhood Identity. Journal of Urban Studies (II): 35-58.##38. Vold, George and Thomas Bernard andJefry Snipes. 2001. Theoretical Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.##39. Yousefifar, Shahram, and MasoumehYadollahpour. 2009. The Continuity of Endowments in terms of Critical Civil Society. Journal of Immortal Heritage (68).## ##