@article{ author = {Rahaei, Omid and Omidi, Milad and Masihpour, Fereshteh}, title = {Analysis of Airflow Patterns in Open and Semi-Open Spaces of Traditional Dezful Suzangar House with Emphasis on Cultural Characteristics}, abstract ={Abstract Traditional houses are shaped to adapt to the climate and culture, with designers emphasizing internal airflow. Evidence indicates that the physical elements of the courtyard can influence the natural ventilation process of the spaces surrounding the central courtyard. The research question is: What is the airflow pattern inside the central courtyard of the Suzangar House in Dezful, and what impact does it have on cultural characteristics? This study aims to investigate the natural ventilation in the central courtyard of the Suzangar House, as a representative of the Qibla courtyard typology, under the influence of external winds. This enables, in addition to airflow pattern analysis, the identification of the relationship between this pattern and cultural features. The present study is applied and interdisciplinary. The research method is mixed: initially, after reviewing traditional houses with central courtyards, pattern recognition and classification based on the courtyard’s orientation and direction were conducted, and the Soozangar House was selected. The physical elements of the central courtyard (courtyard orientation) were considered as the independent variable, and the airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard (flow velocity and direction) was considered as the dependent variable. These were measured experimentally using a data logger device during the research testing period. Subsequently, the data were simulated and analyzed by Gambit pre-processor and ANSYS Fluent software (after validation and reliability confirmation) through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Results indicate that Dezful’s traditional architecture, featuring central courtyards and spring porches (Baharkhab), supports activities around the central courtyard, which forms an integral part of Dezful’s cultural identity. The courtyard serves as a space for lighting, ventilation, and communication. The airflow inside the central courtyard forms a vortex pattern, providing adequate ventilation for the spring porches. Furthermore, considering the prevailing wind direction, the optimal building orientation is southeast with an approximate east-west elongation, which does not hinder airflow inside the building. The central courtyard, by fulfilling various roles in residents’ daily life, especially the spring porch as a gathering space influenced by the existing airflow, is recognized as a symbol of cultural identity. Attention to the presented results will improve the disorder and airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard, thereby enhancing more effective natural ventilation. Research Method The current research aims to investigate and analyze the behavior of the airflow inside the central courtyard and its surrounding spaces under the influence of outside wind in Dezful climate, under the influence of the architectural elements of the central courtyard to achieve the pattern of physical variables of native architecture for use in contemporary architecture. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following steps were taken: Considering the variety of houses in Dezful, according to the topic and purpose of the research, houses with a central courtyard were considered as a statistical population, among them, the Suzangar house was randomly selected and considering the amount access and the possibility of doing the next steps of the research were selected. Surveys and field observations were made in the test period using an experimental method from a case sample and their results were recorded. Dependent variables have been used by precise digital devices, i.e. thermometers and hygrometers. Then, after drawing the plans of the desired house, gridding was done with Gambit software and after defining the boundary conditions, numerical calculations and final simulations were done in Fluent software. Since the process of natural ventilation of these courtyards is considered in the research, therefore, the climatic performance of the central courtyards in question is only investigated from the point of view of natural ventilation. Conclusion In the typology of Dezful houses, most of these houses have thick walls and many semi-open spaces on the upper floors, and the hollow walls have good shading while maintaining privacy. According to the typology, the overall attention of the facade is toward the southeast to receive the right light and to avoid the west light. But the building method should be such that there is a possibility of natural ventilation and the composition of different spaces should facilitate it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this method of the building according to the direction of the building and the type of prevailing wind in order to determine the condition of internal airflow and natural ventilation. The first result obtained is that creating a movement path to enter the central courtyard and creating an entrance opening in the corner of the courtyard has helped to create a whirlwind flow in the middle of the courtyard. In other words, in the general state, regardless of the intensity and weakness in each state, after entering the alley leading to the entrance of the building, the wind enters from the corner of the yard and creates a vortex in the middle of the yard, which increases in height and passes through the terraces and the balcony of the building moves from the top of the building. Therefore, in general, we can conclude that the orientation and elongation of traditional houses in this climate cannot prevent the creation of airflow and natural ventilation, and in each of the prevailing wind conditions, there is airflow inside the house with different disturbances. In the meantime, based on the findings of the research, mode B has more optimal conditions during normal wind, if the wind is strong, option C is suggested.}, Keywords = {Physical Elements, Central Courtyard, Suzangar House, Natural Ventilation, Cultural Identity, Kiblah Direction}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.1}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1742-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1742-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Abbaszadeh, Mozaffar and Ghadimzadeh, Somayyeh and Behjat, Hami}, title = {A Physical-Spatial Analysis of the Architecture of Historical Shia and Sunni Mosques in West Azerbaijan Province}, abstract ={Mosques, as the most significant buildings associated with Islam, hold a prominent position in Islamic cities and serve as manifestations of Muslims' beliefs, thoughts, and religious inclinations. In this context, West Azerbaijan Province, with its long-standing presence of both Shia and Sunni followers, stands out as a notable region for religious architectural studies. The main research question addresses the architectural characteristics of historical Shia and Sunni mosques in the province and how these denominations have influenced mosque architecture. The primary objective of this research is to identify and analyze the impact of religious denominations on the physical and spatial characteristics of historical mosques in the province, aiming to achieve a deeper understanding of the relationship between religious beliefs and their manifestation in mosque architecture. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and comparative, based on typology, with data collected through library studies and field surveys. The study examined 29 historical mosques, comprising 20 Shia and 9 Sunni mosques as samples. Due to the limited number of Sunni mosques in the region, fewer samples were selected from this group. The samples were chosen based on their construction period and architectural style to enable precise comparison. Data analysis was conducted across three main aspects: entrance patterns and movement hierarchy, primary and secondary mosque components, and the content of decorative inscriptions. The research findings indicate that Shia and Sunni mosques do not exhibit fundamental differences in the design and patterns of main mosque spaces, as examples from both denominations are present in all three identified mosque types in the province. The observed differences are primarily associated with the design of ablution spaces, architectural details of mihrabs, access patterns, and the thematic content of inscriptions. Therefore, despite some differences, the architectural style and construction patterns of mosques from both denominations show considerable similarities, revealing not only religious commonality but also the role of cultural and indigenous concepts in mosque architecture.}, Keywords = {Islamic architecture, mosque architecture, mosque typology, mosques of West Azerbaijan, Shia and Sunni mosques}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {16-37}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.2}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1755-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1755-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Nottagh, Shamim and Gharehbaglou, minoo and Keynejad, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Exploring the Manifestation of the Culture of Frugality in Architecture (Case Study: Residential Gardens of Iran)}, abstract ={Traditional Iranian architecture was a reflection of the beliefs, worldview, and culture of its time, intended to represent its principles and values. The concept of frugality has always been regarded as a significant value in traditional architecture. Traditional architecture not only emphasized frugality in design and nature but also prioritized the integration of green spaces with buildings. However, in contemporary architecture, the connection between green spaces and built structures is often neglected. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to explore the various dimensions of the manifestation of the concept of frugality in the architecture of Iranian gardens and to provide a basis for its application in contemporary architectural patterns. The research questions are: 1. What are the components of frugality from the perspective of Islamic thought? 2. How has it been manifested in the architecture of Iranian gardens (which are the product of past behavioral culture)? 3. What strategies and solutions can be offered for contemporary architecture (in relation to nature)? These questions are addressed using a descriptive-analytical method. The data collection is based on library research, and the statistical population includes four residential gardens in Iran: Narenjestan-e Ghavam Garden in Shiraz, Delgosha Garden in Shiraz, Golshan Garden in Tabas, and Dowlatabad Garden in Yazd. The research findings indicate that frugality can be analyzed in three layers. The innermost layer is the core of Islamic teachings, which refers to the two concepts of frugality and avoidance of wastefulness and extravagance in Quranic verses and narrations. The next outer layer is the culture of frugality in the Islamic lifestyle, divided into two groups: moral values and geographical and climatic conditions. The outermost third layer consists of Pirnia’s principles, which include self-sufficiency and avoidance of futility, both rooted in the concept of frugality and avoidance of wastefulness and extravagance. Overall, it can be stated that the manifestation and reflection of all these components are observable in the four Iranian gardens. Architects, considering the concept of frugality, have attempted to design and construct environments integrated with green spaces. However, the study concludes that the component of Islamic teachings has had a significant influence on the manifestation of frugality in Iranian gardens, as it forms the core and inner layer. The components of the culture of frugality in lifestyle and Pirnia’s principles are also influenced by Islamic teachings. Moreover, based on the conducted analyses, strategies and solutions have been proposed for contemporary architecture. These components can be applied in contemporary architecture in areas such as planting systems, water management, buildings, and the materials used.}, Keywords = {Lifestyle, Contentment, Architecture, Iranian garden}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {38-60}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.3}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1758-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1758-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Akhtarkavan, Mahdi and Falahi, Salv}, title = {Designing Schools Based on the Teachings of Islamic Foundations and Contemporary Educational Needs: An Analytical Framework Based on Hierarchical Methodology}, abstract ={The design of schools, as part of the educational environment, plays a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and enhancing the quality of student learning. In Islamic societies, it is essential for these spaces to be designed according to Islamic principles and teachings, so that they not only reflect religious and cultural values but also address contemporary educational needs. This research aims to identify the principles of Islamic architecture and align them with modern educational requirements, offering a proposed framework for school design. The research methodology includes a comparative study of past literature, analysis of successful Islamic school examples in Iran and other countries, and the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for weighting the criteria. The main identified criteria include strengthening Islamic values, value and philosophical principles, flexibility of spaces, interaction with nature, Islamic aesthetics, modern educational technologies, and group activities. The findings indicate that the criterion of 'strengthening Islamic values' has the highest weight (35.47%), making it the most significant factor in school design. Furthermore, designing educational spaces based on Islamic principles while incorporating elements such as natural light, flexibility, and connection with nature positively influences learning and social interactions among students. The proposed framework serves as a practical guide for architects and designers to create inspiring, dynamic, and effective schools that not only facilitate learning but also enhance students' sense of belonging and cultural identity. This research contributes to the enhancement of quality school design in Islamic societies by providing practical recommendations.}, Keywords = {Islamic Architecture, Contemporary Schools, Educational Needs, Cultural Values. AHP.}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {61-75}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.4}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1796-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1796-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {HadipourMoradi, Mozhgan and NariGhomi, Masoud and RahraviPoodeh, Sanaz and GhasemiSichani, Mariam}, title = {The Evolution of the Feminine Nature of the Kitchen Space During the Transition to Modernity in the Traditional Houses of Khorramabad}, abstract ={With the social changes resulting from the "period of transition" and "modernization" in Iran, the "kitchen" was also affected by these changes. The kitchen has always been referred to as a feminine space. In some contemporary cultural analyses in Iran, citing feminist theories, the kitchen and the kitchen and its location at the end of the yard or basement were interpreted as patriarchy and traditional female servitude, which Reza Shahi's modernization has been considered a beginning for its liberation in the modern era. Lifestyle-based readings in social science research, and especially historical ethnography, have provided an opportunity to review these assumptions arising from the literature of the early modern period. Therefore, the present study, using the method of historical ethnography and relying on documentary sources and data analysis in a descriptive-analytical manner, addresses the transformation of the feminine nature of the kitchen space during the period of transition to modernity in one of the micro-cultural contexts of Iran, namely the traditional houses of Khorramabad. The results show that the social interpretation of the kitchen in the historical houses of Khorramabad cannot be interpreted as the low status of women in the society of that time. The existence of various cooking spaces, including open kitchens, semi-open kitchens, Tejgahs in rooms, and a special place for baking bread in the courtyard, created special boundaries and territories for women. These various spaces were also family-social spaces. At the same time, due to the communal nature between the women of the house and some neighboring women, they changed from a private space to a semi-private space. The authoritarian modernization and the achievements of modernity resulting from Reza Shah's policies, despite some development, health, and educational measures, led to the deprivation of the right to choose, the impairment of family and social security, and as a result, many women of the Lor tribe were confined to their homes and distanced from the social space. The houses built during this period, especially in newly built neighborhoods; More introverted than Qajar houses, the reduction of various cooking spaces and their consolidation in the kitchen space, the reduction of the extent of women's use of the spaces in the house, the change in women's privacy and territories, the reduction of semi-private and collective territories, as well as the reduction of social interactions between neighboring women resulting from the increase in emerging social insecurities and the presence of new cultures in the city and the policy of revealing the veil were other results of modernity and innovation in this region.}, Keywords = {Feminine nature of the kitchen space, transition to modernity, traditional houses of Khorramabad}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {76-99}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.5}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1801-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1801-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {kheder, sab}, title = {An Analytical Study of the Spatial Organization and Typological Classification of Historical in Kerman Province}, abstract ={This study aims to analyze the spatial typologies and the organization of space in the historical mosques of kerman province. It foucuses on spatial autonomy as a ky indicator in spatial organization, seeking to explore the spatial diversity of these structures from this perspective. The research employs a historical approach based on description and analysis. Data were gathered through the examination 34 registered historical mosques in kerman province, dating from the advent of Islam to the end of the First Pahlavi era, alongside the analysis of written sources and credibl documentation. The spatial typology in this study is defined according to the configuration of enclosed, semi-open, and open spaces within the architectural structure of the mosques. The findings indicate that  the enclosed spaces in these historical mosques of kerman can be categorized into three patterns: (1) absence of open and semi-open spaces, (2) combination of open and enclosed spaces, and (3) integration of enclosed, open, and semi-open spaces. The emphasis on spatial autonomy was selected due to its high frequency among the case studies and its significant influence on the spatial structure of these mosques.}, Keywords = {Spatial typology, Historical mosques, Kerman province, Spatial organization, Spatial autonomy}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {100-113}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.6}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1802-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1802-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Bidkhouri, Zahra and Momeni, Kourosh}, title = {A comparative study of the main porch lines of comprehensive mosques in the Safavid and Qajar periods}, abstract ={Calligraphy in Iranian art and architecture is considered a significant decorative source for buildings and is more prominent in historical monuments. In the past, our country, Iran, had skilled calligraphers who, with their knowledge and awareness, were able to create inscriptions and decorations using various lines that have been the source of artistic and architectural development. This includes religious places such as mosques, which were the center of public gatherings and the place of observation for artists and rulers. The inscriptions on the main porch of the grand mosques, which are often in front of the dome, have always attracted the attention of painters and calligraphers throughout history. They have bestowed an aura of holiness and spirituality on these buildings, and have been a turning point in the presentation of their art and creativity. The aim of the present study is a comparative study of the Thuluth, Nastaliq, and Kufic scripts used in the main porches of mosques in the Safavid and Qajar eras. The research question is: What are the differences and changes in the Thuluth, Nastaliq, and Kufic scripts used in the inscriptions of the main porches of mosques in the Qajar era compared to the period? The method is of an interpretative-historical type with a historical-comparative approach, which is first collected through library study, documents, and information about the scripts and architecture of mosques in the mentioned period. Then the research data is interpreted and analyzed through a field study and the preparation of photographs of these scripts. In addition, the sampling method in this study is a cluster. The findings of the research show that in the main porch of mosques during the Safavid period, Thuluth scripts were used more by artists than Nastaliq and Kufic in inscriptions, but in the Qajar era, Nastaliq and Kufic scripts were popular. The results of the research show that the form, content, and use of Thuluth, Nastaliq, and Kufic inscriptions in the main porch of mosques during the Qajar period are different from those in Safavid architecture, which can be said to be influenced by political and cultural developments.}, Keywords = {Calligraphy, main porch, mosques, Safavid and Qajar periods}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {114-129}, publisher = {Iran University of Science & Technology}, doi = {10.61882/jria.13.3.7}, url = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1804-en.html}, eprint = {http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1804-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture}, issn = {2382-980X}, eissn = {2382-980X}, year = {2025} }