Vernacular architecture emerges from the dynamic interplay between human societies and their natural environments, embodying centuries of adaptive wisdom. However, the transition to modernity has precipitated a decline in this architectural tradition, contributing to today’s environmental and cultural crises in the built environment. This study examines the evolving conceptualization of vernacular architecture through a developmental lens, seeking to uncover sustainable principles that transcend temporal and spatial boundaries.
Employing a qualitative, historical-analytical approach, the research systematically reviews existing literature and conducts a meta-synthesis of vernacular architecture’s trajectory—from its earliest manifestations to contemporary expressions. Using Gephi software for network analysis, the study identifies and evaluates key criteria through pairwise comparisons, ultimately developing a super matrix of influential components.
The findings reveal vernacular architecture as a fluid, dynamic concept comprising two fundamental clusters: geographic (climate, natural resources, flora/fauna) and human (physical, economic, social, cultural, spiritual, artistic, and technical factors). These interact to produce 43 timeless sub-criteria that shape architectural expression. Crucially, the study demonstrates that vernacular architecture is not confined to historical contexts but continually re-emerges through contemporary human-environment interactions. This research challenges static perceptions of vernacular architecture, proposing instead a framework for adapting its core principles to modern design challenges. By distilling these universal yet adaptable criteria, the study provides architects with a methodological approach to reintegrate sustainable, context-responsive values into contemporary practice—bridging traditional wisdom with current needs while addressing pressing environmental concerns.
