Showing 20 results for Transformer
Moniri, Farshad,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (1-2006)
Abstract
Power transformers are key components in electrical power supplies and their failure could cause severe consequences on continuity of service and also generates substantial costs. Identifying problems at an early stage, before catastrophic failure occurs, is a great benefit for reliable operation of power transformers. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) is a new, well-known and powerful diagnostic test technique for transformers which could find mechanical as well as electrical faults such as detection and positioning of winding short circuit, winding movement, loss of clamping pressure, aging of insulation, etc. Yet there are several practical limitations to affect the accuracy and ease using this test as a regular condition monitoring technique in the field that many of them originated from noise and measuring errors. This paper purposes a transformer automated self diagnosis system can be installed on every power supply as a part of SCADA to extract FRA graphs from transformers and offers high repeatability which is a great benefit for FRA test. This is the first time that KALMAN Filter will be use in order to eliminate narrow-band and wide-band noises from FRA graphs that ends up not only smoothed measurement but also rate of changes that is so valuable in decision making and scheduling for transformers maintenance. So we will have an intelligent system which is able to predict the future of transformer using experience of not only own self but also all the transformers in an integrated network.
F. Faghihi , H. Heydari,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2010)
Abstract
Stray magnetic field is one of the main issues in design of transformers, since it causes non-ideal behavior of transformers. One of the techniques is usually adopted to mitigate the unwanted stray magnetic field is the use of auxiliary windings creating a magnetic field opposite to the incident one giving rise to the reduction of the total magnetic fields. This paper presents a new mathematical proof for optimized parameters such as connection resistance and leakage inductance of the auxiliary windings based on state equations. Some numerical examples for various types of practical transformers are given to demonstrate the validity of the presented mathematical proof and a comparison is made with the results of transformers behavior which is obtained with the help of finite element method. The proposed method is successfully implemented on three different types of transformers: current injection transformer, pulse transformer and superconductor transformers.
M. Sefidgaran, M. Mirzaie, A. Ebrahimzadeh,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (6-2010)
Abstract
Reliability of a power system is considerably influenced by its equipments.
Power transformers are one of the most critical and expensive equipments of a power
system and their proper functions are vital for the substations and utilities. Therefore,
reliability model of power transformer is very important in the risk assessment of the
engineering systems. This model shows the characteristics and functions of a transformer in
the power system. In this paper the reliability model of the power transformer with ONAN
cooling is obtained. The transformer is classified into two subsystems. Reliability model of
each subsystem is achieved. Markov process representation and the frequency/ duration
approach are employed to obtain a complete reliability model of the subsystems. By
combining these models reliability model of power transformer is obtained. The reliability
model associated with the transformer is then proposed combining the models of
subsystems. The proposed model contains five states. To make the model more applicable,
the 5-state model is alleviated to a 3-state one. Numerical analysis and sensitivity analysis
relevant to the proposed reliability model are performed for evaluating the numerical values
of the model parameters and the impact of different components on the reliability of the
model.
H. Heydari, M. Rezaee,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (12-2010)
Abstract
The principle object of this paper is to offer a modified design of Rogowski coil based on its frequency response. The improvement of the integrator circuit for nullifying the phase difference between the waveforms of the measured-current and the corresponding terminal voltage is a further object of this investigation.
This paper addresses an accurate, yet more efficient measuring and protecting device for low frequency applications. This requires verification for the simulations by physical descriptions and experimental results. These validate the superior performance of Rogowski coils over conventional current transformers.
Keywords: current transformer, frequency response, integrator circuit, mutual inductance, Rogowski coil, terminal resistor
H. Abbasi, A. Gholami, A. Abbasi, ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2011)
Abstract
This paper consist of two sections: control and stabilizing approach for chaotic behaviour of converter is introduced in first section of this paper for the removal of harmonic caused by the chaotic behaviour in current converter. For this work, a Time- Delayed Feedback Controller (TDFC) control method for stability chaotic behaviour of buck converter for switching courses in current control mode is presented. This behaviour is demonstrated by presenting a piecewise linear discrete map for this converter and then combining the feedback equation to obtain the overall equation of the converter. A simple time-delay feedback control method is applied to stabilize the Unstable Periodic Orbits (UPOs). In second section is studied the effect of a parallel metal oxide surge arrester on the ferroresonance oscillations of the transformer. It is expected that the arresters generally cause ferroresonance drop out. Simulation has been done on a three phase power transformer with one open phase. Effect of varying input voltage has been studied. The simulation results reveal that connecting the arrester to the transformer poles, exhibits a great mitigating effect on ferroresonant over voltages. Phase plane along with bifurcation diagrams are also presented. Significant effect on the onset of chaos, the range of parameter values that may lead to chaos and magnitude of ferroresonant voltages has been obtained, shown and tabulated.
H. Radmanesh, M. Rostami,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2011)
Abstract
this work studies the effect of neutral earth resistance on the controlling ferroresonance oscillation in the power transformer including MOV surge arrester. A simple case of ferroresonance circuit in a three phase transformer is used to show this phenomenon and the three-phase transformer core structures including nonlinear core losses are discussed. The effect of MOV surge arrester and neutral earth resistance on the onset of chaotic ferroresonance and controlling chaotic transient in a power transformer including nonlinear core losses has been studied. It is expected that these resistances generally cause into ferroresonance control. Simulation has been done on a power transformer rated 50 MVA, 635.1 kV with one open phase. The magnetization characteristic of the transformer is modelled by a single-value two-term polynomial with q=7, 11. The core losses are modelled by third order in terms of voltage. The simulation results reveal that connecting the MOV arrester and neutral resistance to the transformer, exhibits a great impact on ferroresonance over voltages.
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M. Tolue Khayami, H. A. Shayanfar,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (6-2014)
Abstract
This paper proposes a method for extending the ability of rotary power flow controller (RPFC) using tap-changer of the RPFC’s transformers. A detailed model of the device is presented to analyze the effects of the tap changer operation on the performance of the RPFC. To evaluate the results, the RPFC model is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Dynamic operation of the RPFC on a 400 kV transmission line is studied. Based on the results, using tap-changer of transformers can extend the RPFC ability to control the active power of the transmission line about 25%.
M. A. Taghikhani, A. Sheikholeslami, Z. Taghikhani,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract
This paper presents a new method for evaluation and simulation of inrush current in various transformers using operational matrices and Hartley transform. Unlike most of the previous works, time and frequency domain calculations are conducted simultaneously. Mathematical equations are first represented to compute the inrush current based on reiteration and then Hartley transform is used to study harmonic effects in the frequency domain. Being a real valued function and accordingly giving results with the higher speed of calculations are the main features of Hartley transform. The inrush problem is initially solved for single-phase transformers for switching at different angles of the voltage waveform using this method and then the results of harmonic domain are compared with that of Fourier transform. The methodology is also applied to three-phase three-limb transformers since the analysis of their transient behavior is significant owing to the flux coupling interactions in multi-leg core structures. The feasibility and efficacy of the method is illustrated with appropriate circuits and MATLAB code is developed to get the time and frequency domain waveforms with high accuracy. The results are helpful to identify and evaluate inrush current harmonic effects in various transformers and hence the efficiency of the method is verified.

M Sedaghati, R Dashti,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2015)
Abstract
In this paper, a new model has been presented to determine the number of spare transformers and their locations for distribution stations. The number of spare transformers must be so that they need minimum investment. Furthermore, they must be sufficient for replacing with transformers that have been damaged. For this reason, in this paper a new purpose function has been presented to maximize profit in distribution company’s budgeting and planning. For determining the number of spares that must be available in a stock room, this paper considers the number of spares and transformer’s fault at the same time. The number of spare transformers is determined so that at least one spare transformer will be available for replacing with the failed transformers. This paper considers time required for purchasing or repairing a failed transformer to determine the number of required spare transformers. Furthermore, whatever the number of spare equipment are increased, cost of maintenance will be increased, so an economic comparison must be done between reduced costs from reducing of outage time and increased costs from spare transformers existence.

J. Fallah Ardashir, M. Sabahi, S. H. Hosseini, E. Babaei, G. B. Gharehpetian,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract
This paper proposes a new single phase transformerless Photovoltaic (PV) inverter for grid connected systems. It consists of six power switches, two diodes, one capacitor and filter at the output stage. The neutral of the grid is directly connected to the negative terminal of the source. This results in constant common mode voltage and zero leakage current. Model Predictive Controller (MPC) technique is used to modulate the converter to reduce the output current ripple and filter requirements. The main advantages of this inverter are compact size, low cost, flexible grounding configuration. Due to brevity, the operating principle and analysis of the proposed circuit are presented in brief. Simulation and experimental results of 200W prototype are shown at the end to validate the proposed topology and concept. The results obtained clearly verifies the performance of the proposed inverter and its practical application for grid connected PV systems.
M. Samami, H. Yaghobi, M. Niaz Azari,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract
This investigation deals with a mathematical model for a distribution transformer including saturation effect. To this end, the equations related to a three phase transformer are specified and the effect of an inter-turn fault is included. Naturally by applying an inter-turn fault the inductance and resistance matrix will change. Thus, unknown quantities of inductances and resistances for completing the matrix are calculated and the inputs, outputs and state variables are specified. All the equations will be rewritten in terms of state variables, subsequently saturation effect is added to the model. Finally the block diagram of the specified model based on the obtained equations are designed and the ultimate model is simulated. The saturation effect, added to the mathematical model and also the variable fault parameters are known as two significant contributions which distinguish this study from other investigations. Various results obtained from the simulation of the final model confirm the changes in the behavior of faulty transformer such as: a large circulating current flowing in the shorted turns, lower impact on terminal voltages and currents, a sudden increase in current flowing in the primary winding, asymmetrical flux distribution and inverse proportion of the fault severity and the limiting resistor.
S. Hajiaghasi, K. Abbaszadeh, A. Salemnia,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Interturn fault detection is a challenging issue in power transformer protection. In this paper, interturn faults of distribution transformer are studied and a new online detection method based on vibration analysis is proposed. Transformer electromagnetic forces are analyzed by time stepping finite element (TSFE) modeling of interturn fault. Since the vibration associated with inter-turn faults is caused by electromagnetic forces, axial and radial electromagnetic forces for various interturn faults are studied. Transformer winding vibration under interturn faults is studied through an equivalent mathematical model combined with electromagnetic force analysis. The results show that it is feasible to predict the interturn winding faults of transformer windings with the transformer vibration analysis method. Simulation and experimentation studies are carried out on 20/0.4 kV, 50 kVA distribution transformer. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
H. Sh. Solari, B. Majidi, M. Moazzami,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
In this paper, a new method for modelling and estimation of reliability parameters of power transformer components in distribution and transmission voltage levels for preventive-corrective maintenance schedule of transformers is proposed. In this method, with optimal estimation of Weibull distribution parameters using least squares method and input data uncertainty reduction, failure rate and probable distributions of power transformers’ components as the key parameters of equipment reliability is estimated. Then by using the results of this modelling, a maintenance schedule for evaluation the effect of maintenance on reliability of this equipment is presented. Simulation results using real failure data of 196 power transformers on 33 to 230kV voltage levels show that applying the proposed method in addition to uncertainty reduction of raw input data and better estimation of equipment reliability, improve decision making regarding maintenance schedule of power transformers.
S. R. Mousavi-Aghdam, N. Elahi Kachaei,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
This paper presents a new single to three phase converter using rotating magnetic field transformer. Conventional transformers have been used in many converters aiming at supplementary improvements and they usually have no critical effect on the conversion technique. In this paper, the conversion technique is based on a special rotating magnetic field transformer in which there are two windings in the primary and six windings on the secondary side. In the proposed converter, first a single-phase voltage source is applied on the primary windings via a switching technique using thyristors to create a rotating magnetic field. Next, the created field induces three phase voltages on the secondary three phase windings. Nevertheless, the created field in the primary side suffers from low frequency harmonics and can be transmitted to the secondary three phase voltages. Hence, design of the secondary windings is modified to mitigate these harmonics. The paper discusses how the harmonics can be mitigated using two sets of three phase windings with appropriate shift. Finally, the proposed converter is modeled using state equations and the simulation results exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
S. A. Rahman, S. Birhan, E. D. Mitiku, G. T. Aduye, P. Somasundaram,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
Aim of this paper is to attain the highest voltage sag and swell compensation using a direct converter-based DVR topology. The projected DVR topology consists of a direct converter with bidirectional switches, a multi winding transformer with three primary windings and secondary winding and a series transformer. When voltage swell occurs in a phase, the same phase voltage can be utilized to mitigate the swell as huge voltage exists in the phase where swell has occurred. So it is possible to mitigate an infinite amount of swell. In all the DVR topologies, the converter is only used to synthesize the compensating voltage. The range of voltage sag mitigation depends upon the magnitude of input voltage available for the converter. If this input voltage of the direct converter is increased, then the range of voltage compensation could also be increased. Input voltage of the direct converter is increased using the multi winding transformer. The direct converter is synthesizing the compensating voltage. This compensating voltage is injected in series with the supply voltage through the series transformer and the sag is mitigated. In this proposed topology, the input voltage for the direct converter is increased by adding the three phase voltages using a multi winding transformer. Thus the voltage sag compensating range of this topology is increased to 68% and the swell compensating range is 500%. Ordinary PWM technique has been used to synthesize the PWM pulses for the direct converter and the THD of the compensated load voltage is less than 5%. This topology is simulated using MATLAB Simulink and the results are shown for authentication.
M. Bigdeli,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Moisture in the transformer insulation can shorten its life. There are many methods for detecting humidity in transformer paper insulation. One of the methods used in the factory to evaluate the drying process of transformer insulation and determine its humidity is the frequency response analysis method. In this paper, the desired experiments are performed on different transformers, and after obtaining the results of frequency response measurements, the required features are extracted from them. Then, using the k-means method, these features are placed in three clusters (dry, wet, and excessively wet). The cost function of the k-means method is optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to get a better result. By applying new data from different transformers, the capability of the proposed method in determining the moisture content of the transformer is evaluated. The results obtained from the evaluation of the insulation condition of another group of transformers indicate the high accuracy of the proposed method.
N. Danapour, E. Akbari, M. Tarafdar-Hagh,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
In electricity generation through photovoltaic cells, efficient inverters are required to inject the generated power into the grid. Among the inverters connected to the grid, current source inverters despite their advantages are used less than voltage source ones. Different circuits are presented for these converters. In this paper, several power circuit topologies of the current source inverters, which are an interface between solar panels and the grid, are reviewed. Also, the inverters are compared from the point of some indexes like efficiency, voltage transmission ratio, total harmonic distortion, leakage currents, and their reduction methods. The importance of these indexes is investigated too. Categorization is for full-bridge inverters and special structures groups. The first group includes the conventional inverter, 4-leg inverter, CH7 CSI, H7 CSI, three-mode, and other structures. The second group consists of inverters with special structures and is independent of the conventional CSI. The summary of the studies is presented in a table.
Hassan Alizadeh Shyrayeh, Iraj Ahmadi, Mohammad Mirzaie, Masoud Ahmadi Gorji,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
The progressive application of non-linear loads in distribution systems (DS) increases current harmonics flow in DS's apparatuses, especially distribution transformers (DTs). Since DTs' operating temperature rises due to the harmonics flow, their loading should be reduced such that the hot spot temperature (HST) is preserved under its permissible value. This means that DTs' available capacity is influenced by load harmonic content. In this paper, a novel formulation for DTs' failure rate in the presence of harmonics is presented as a function of load harmonic contents. Using the suggested equivalent failure rate, DTs' available capacity in harmonic polluted DS is mathematically formulated. Additionally, the presence of the harmonic increases the HST, leading to DTs' aging acceleration. Therefore, the impact of harmonic components on DTs' aging is arithmetically modeled. To evaluate the efficacy of the suggested reliability model, it is applied to three distinct DTs having respectively industrial, commercial, and residential loads. The obtained results indicate that the available capacity of DTs with the same rated capacity would be different regarding to their load harmonic contents. On the other hand, it is comprehended from the achieved results that the aging acceleration factor (Faa) of the DTs increases owing to their load harmonic contents.
Pravat Biswal, Veera Venkata Subrahmanya Kumar Bhajana, Pavel Drabek,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
This paper proposes two new soft-switching transformerless converters with high voltage conversion ratio. These proposed converters achieve soft-switching each with a single auxiliary resonant cell. The merit of these converters is reduced switching losses with lesser number of devices. The main switching devices are turned off with zero current switching (ZCS). Apart from the soft-switching feature, the voltage conversion ratio is increased in comparison with the existing topologies. The operating principles and the simulation results on 12V/200V/500W converter system are presented in this paper.
Akanksha Jain, S.c. Gupta,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Due to the anticipated increase in loads, the power grid will encounter the issue of system peak loads in the future, which is typically addressed through grid reinforcement. However, implementing a flexibility service option can prevent the need for grid development. As the overall load continues to rise, the distribution transformer becomes overloaded. The presented work focuses on enhancing one of the parameters that define the insulation life of the transformer, known as the Loss-of-Life (LOL). Transactive approach involves the rescheduling of the battery and photovoltaic generation. Dominated Group Search Optimization (DGSO) algorithm is utilized to optimize the objective function of reducing the peak transformer load under the power flow and voltage constraints of the network. Experimental validation of the proposed method is conducted using MATLAB 2018 software. Modified IEEE 34-bus system is used to implement the proposed methodology. Numerical results obtained from various cases elucidate that the proposed model reduces the LOL of the transformer from 0.0103 to 0.0017 p.u.Comparative analysis of the proposed method with the already used methods of voltage-control and Volt-Var control have been presented.