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Fault Location in Active Distribution Networks Using Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm
A. Bahmanyar, H. Borhani-Bahabadi, S. Jamali,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
To realize the self-healing concept of smart grids, an accurate and reliable fault locator is a prerequisite. This paper presents a new fault location method for active power distribution networks which is based on measured voltage sag and use of whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The fault induced voltage sag depends on the fault location and resistance. Therefore, the fault location can be found by investigation of voltage sags recorded throughout the distribution network. However, this approach requires a considerable effort to check all possible fault location and resistance values to find the correct solution. In this paper, an improved version of the WOA is proposed to find the fault location as an optimization problem. This optimization technique employs a number of agents (whales) to search for a bunch of fish in the optimal position, i.e. the fault location and its resistance. The method is applicable to different distribution network configurations. The accuracy of the method is verified by simulation tests on a distribution feeder and comparative analysis with two other deterministic methods reported in the literature. The simulation results indicate that the proposed optimized method gives more accurate and reliable results.

An Accurate PMU-Based Fault Location Scheme for Shunt-Compensated Transmission Lines
M. Ahmadinia, J. Sadeh,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
In this paper, an accurate fault location scheme based on phasor measurement unit (PMU) is proposed for shunt-compensated transmission lines. It is assumed that the voltage and current phasors on both sides of the shunt-compensated line have been provided by PMUs. In the proposed method, the faulted section is determined by presenting the absolute difference of positive- (or negative-) sequence current angles index, firstly. After determining faulted section, the voltage phasor at the shunt-compensator terminal is estimated via the sound section. The faulted section can be assumed as a perfect transmission line that synchronized voltage and current phasors at one end and voltage phasor at the other end are available. Secondly, a new fault location algorithm is presented to locate the precise fault point in the faulted section. In this algorithm, the location of the fault and the fault resistance are calculated simultaneously by solving an optimization problem, utilizing the heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The simulation results in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform demonstrate the high performance of the proposed method in finding the fault location in shunt-compensated transmission lines. The proposed scheme has high accuracy for both symmetrical and asymmetrical fault types and high fault resistance.

A Novel Protection Method for UPFC Compensated Transmission Line Based on Cooperative Game Theory
M. Khalili, F. Namdari, E. Rokrok,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
This paper presents a new single-end scheme to locate and protect faults on the compensated transmission line using the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The UPFC controllers have remarkable effects on the transient and steady-state components of the voltage and current signals. First of all, this study evaluates the impact of UPFC on Traveling Waves (TW) that pass through the UPFC location. Following that, the effects of UPFC’s harmonic on conventional protections will be investigated using the TW theory. A single-end method will be presented in the next stage to protect and locate the faults on the compensated transmission lines with UPFC. Moreover, an extraction technique (i.e., Discrete Wavelet Transform [DWT]) is used to process the current and voltage signals. As a branch of mathematics, cooperative game is employed in this study to represent the strategic interaction of different players in a context by predefined rules and outcomes. Additionally, this study made use of this theory to distinguish the extracted TWs from each other. The proposed method is assessed considering different fault situations with great variations in operating conditions accompanied by a UPFC placed at the midpoint of the line.

A New Regionalization Scheme for Wide-Area Backup Protection of Power Network
Gh. Khandar-Shahabad, J. Beiza, J. Pouladi, T. Abedinzadeh,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
A new regionalization algorithm is presented to improve wide-area backup protection (WABP) of the power system. This method divides the power system into several protection zones based on the proposed optimal measurement device (MD) placement and electrical distances. The modified binary particle swarm optimization is used to achieve the optimal MD placement in the first step. Next, the power system is divided into small protection zones (SPZ) using the topology matrix of the power system and MD locations. Finally, the SPZs are combined to accomplish the main protection zones and protection centers according to electrical distances, degree of buses, and communication link constraints. The introduced regionalization formulation can help provide a rapid and secure WABP for power systems. This method was applied to several IEEE standard test systems, and the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A Novel Fault Detection and Classification Approach in Transmission Lines Based on Statistical Patterns
Das P. Chennamsetty, Sravana K. Bali,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
Symmetrical nature of mean of electrical signals during normal operating conditions is used in the fault detection task for dependable, robust, and simple fault detector implementation is presented in this work. Every fourth cycle of the instantaneous current signal, the mean is computed and carried into the next cycle to discover nonlinearities in the signal. A fault detection task is completed using a comparison of two sub cycle means, and the same concept is extended to faulty phase classification. Under various fault and system operating situations, the suggested technique is assessed for regular faults, remote end faults, high resistive faults, and high impedance arcing faults. This paper's extensive case studies illustrate the suggested scheme's simplicity, computational flexibility, speed, and reliability. The suggested approach yields 100% consistent results in 4-8 msec detection time. 

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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee IUST, Tehran, Iran. This is an open access journal distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.